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General Clin Path > Basics > Flashcards

Basics Flashcards

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1
Q

Calculate Hct (%)

A

(MCVxRBC)/10

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2
Q

Calculate MCV (fL)

A

(PCV/RBC)x10

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3
Q

Calculate MCH (pg)

A

(Hgbx10)/RBC

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4
Q

Caclulate MCHC (g/dL)

A

(Hgb/PCV)x100

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5
Q

What value does (MCVxRBC)/10 provide?

A

Hct (%)

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6
Q

What value does (PCV/RBC)x10 provide?

A

MCV (fL)

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7
Q

What value does (Hgbx10)/RBC provide?

A

MCH (pg)

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8
Q

What value does (Hgb/PCV)x100 provide?

A

MCHC (g/dL)

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9
Q

Calculate Osmolality

A

1.8(Na+K) + UN(mg/dL)/2.8 + Glu(mg/dL)/18

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10
Q

List 8 causes of thrombocytosis

A
  • Essential thrombocytosis (and other myeloproliferative diseases
  • Acute megakaryoblastic leukemia
  • Reactive secondary to epinephrine/exercise
  • Iron deficiency
  • Asplenia
  • Hyperadrenocorticism
  • Rebound from thrombocytopenia
  • Vinca alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine)
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11
Q

Calculate corrected chloride

A

(Normal Na/Measured Na) x Measured Cl

where normal Na is the midpoint of the reference interval

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12
Q

Name the major inhibitor of coagulation enzymes

A

Antithrombin

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13
Q

What are macrophages in the brain called?

A

Gitter cells (they’re activated microglia)

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14
Q

List the gray matter layers from superficial to deep

A

molecular layer, Purkinje cell layer, granular layer

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15
Q

List the layers of the meninges from superficial to deep

A

Dura mater, arachnoid, pia mater

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16
Q

What stains are used to confirm plasma cell tumors?

A

MUM-1, TCN2

lamba-light chain is unsatisfactory

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17
Q

What stains are used to confirm mast cell tumors?

A

Tyrosine, CK

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18
Q

What does cytokeratin stain?

A

cells of epithelial origin

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19
Q

What does thyroglobulin stain?

A

thyroid cells, not C cells

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20
Q

Three differentials for plaques in bird mouths

A

Trichomonas
Capillaria
Candida

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21
Q

Which stain stains more immature lymphoctyes than the other?

A

CD20 stains more immature lymphocytes than CD79a

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22
Q

Define sensitivity

A

The proportion of known infected reference animals that test positive in an assay

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23
Q

Define specificity

A

The proportion of known uninfected reference animals that test negative in an assay

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24
Q

Calculated corrected retic count

A

(PCV/normal PCV) x retic %

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25
Why is horse Hgb more susceptible to oxidant damage?
it doesn't have as much G6PDH
26
Why is cat Hgb more susceptible to oxidant damage?
They have 8 sulfhydryl groups instead of 4
27
Which cytokine is the mediator of eosinophil production?
IL-5
28
What is the difference in how the epinephrine response and the corticosteroid response cause demargination of neutrophils?
Epinephrine response: increased blood pressure just knocks marginated neutrophils right off Corticosteroid response: interferes with neutrophil adhesion and prevents or decreases margination and infiltration into tissues
29
What defines neutrophilic or suppurative inflammation?
>85% neutrophils
30
What defines eosinophilic inflammation?
>10% eosinophils
31
What defines pyogranulomatous inflammation?
60-85% neutrophils, 15-40% mononuclear cells
32
What defines granulomatous or histiocytic inflammation?
>40-50% mononuclear cells
33
What types of inflammation are characteristic of fungal infections, foreign bodies, and mycobacteria?
pyogranulomatous and granulomatous or histiocytic
34
What characterizes a transudate?
TP: <2.5 g/dL TNCC: <1500/uL
35
What characterizes a modified transudate?
TP: >2.5 g/dL TNCC: <5000/uL
36
What characterizes an exudate?
TP: >3 g/dL TNCC: >5000/uL
37
What are 3 classic causes of a modified transudate?
FIP effusions, portal hypertension, cardiac disease
38
What characterizes normal equine peritoneal fluid?
TP: <1.5 g/dL TNCC: usually <5000 but may be up to 10,000/uL
39
What characterizes peritoneal effusion as bile peritonitis?
peritoneal fluid bilirubin >2x plasma/serum bilirubin
40
What characterizes peritoneal effusion as uroabdomen?
Peritoneal fluid creatinine >2x plasma/serum creatinine
41
Pre-renal azotemia USG cutoff for dogs
>1.030
42
Pre-renal azotemia USG cutoff for cats
>1.035
43
Pre-renal azotemia USG cutoff for cows and horses
>1.025
44
Isosthenuria USG
1.008-1.012
45
Renal threshold of glucose for dogs
>180 mg/dL
46
Renal threshold of glucose for cats
>280 mg/dL
47
Renal threshold of glucose for horses and cows
>100 mg/dL
48
Normal blood gas pH
7.35 - 7.45
49
What stain is used to confirm skeletal muscle?
PTAH
50
What stain is used to confirm B cells?
PAX5
51
What is a sarcoma with plump cells and lots of cytoplasm and vacuoles suggestive of? Crown cells may also be seen.
peripheral nerve sheath tumor or perivascular wall tumor
52
How is total protein measured with the Biuret method?
It is a spectrophotometric method based on the formation of copper chelates with peptide bonds at an alkaline pH, yielding a purple color proportional to the number of peptide bonds and thus to total protein concentration
53
Ten causes of increased cholesterol
- hypothyroidism - post-prandial (minimal) - pancreatitis - nephrotic syndrome/PLN - Cushing's (hyperadrenocorticism) - cholestasis - idiopathic (idiopathic hyperlipidemia of schnauzers or other miniature breeds) - diabetes mellitus - lipoprotein lipase deficiency (congenital, rare) - hypercholesterolemia in Briards
54
Causes of hypercalcemia
``` Hyperparathyroidism Osteolysis Granulomatous disease (blasto) Spurious (lab error, usually lipemia) Idiopathic (cats) Neoplasia (lymphoma, anal sac apoc. gl. adenocarc. Young Addison's Renal disease (horses primarily) D - hypervitaminosis D ```
55
Causes of hypocalcemia
``` Magnesium deficiency Injury to tissues (severe) Lactation/pregnancy D vitamin deficiency Pancreatitis Renal disease Albumin deficiency Intake from GI decreased Sepsis Ethylene glycol ```
56
Isosthenuric USG
1.007 - 1.013
57
creatinine clearance rate formula
(urine creatinine/serum creatinine) x urine volume / time / bw
58
calculation: urinary fractional excretion of sodium
(urine Na/serum Na) x (serum Crt/urine Crt) | multiply by 100 to get %
59
Calculate diagnostic sensitivity
TP/(TP+FN) x 100
60
Calculate diagnostic specificity
TN/(TN+FP) x 100
61
Calculate diagnostic accuracy
(TP+TN)/(TP+FP+TN+FN) x 100
62
Calculate PPV
TP/(TP+FP) x100
63
Calculate NPV
TN/(TN+FN) x100
64
Causes of hyperglycemia in horses
stress, insulin resistance as part of equine metabolic syndrome pancreatitis, ppid, pregnancy and stress, xylazine, ketamine, hyperammonemia

General Clin Path (2 decks)

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