Basics and Anthropometric Measurement Flashcards
(18 cards)
Standard Precautions for Infection Control
Personal Hygiene and Hand Washing
Cleaning and disinfecting equipment between use
Personal protective equipment ie gloves
Clean Environment
Appropriate handling and disposal of waste products
5 Moments of Hand Washing
Before touching a patient
Before a procedure
After a procedure or body fluid exposure
After touching a patient
After touching patients surroundings
Clinical Reasoning Framework
Observe and Ask
-case history and presentation
Find and Generate
-what systems are affected? acute or chronic? define symptom profile
Analyse and Interpret
-develop differential diagnosis
Investigate and Reflect
-select physical examinations and consider expected findings
Synthesise and Apply
-what have the findings shown? refine differential diagnosis to decide most likely diagnosis
Organise, Manage, Communicate
-develop ongoing approach, treat or refer? communicate to client and other health professionals
General Survey - Physical Appearance
Age
Gender
Level of consciousness
Skin colour
Facial features
Overall appearance
General Survey - Body Structure
Stature
Nutrition - height, weight, waist/hip ratio, BMI
Posture, Position
Symmetry
Body build, contour
Obvious physical deformaties
General Survey - Behaviour
Facial expression
Mood and emotion
Speech
Dress and appearance
Personal Hygiene
General Survey - Mobility
Gait
Range of motion
Involuntary movements
Palpation - uses
Assess
-texture, temperature, moisture
-organ location and size
-swelling, vibration, pulsation, rigidity, spasticity, crepitus
-presence of lumps or masses
-pain or tenderness
Palpation - techniques
Slow and systemic, first light then deep, gentle circulation motion with intermittent not continuous pressure
Base of fingers
-Assessing vibration
Fingertips
-skin texture, swelling, pulses, presence of lumps
Grasping action
-position, shape, consistency of organ or mass
Back of hand
-temperature
Percussion - uses
Map location and size of organ
Determine density of structure
Detect abnormal mass
Elicit deep tendon reflex
Elicit pain if structure is inflamed
Percussion - techniques
Middle finger of non-dominant hand distal joint firmly against patients skin
Middle finger of dominant hand used to strike stationary finger at distal joint
Percussion - sounds
Flat
- very soft, very short, when no air is present eg thigh muscle, bone, tumour
Dull
- soft, short, relatively dense organs eg liver, spleen
Tympany
- loud, sustained longest, drum like. Air filled viscus eg stomach, intestines
Hyperresonance
- loud, long, booming. Normal over childs lungs, Abnormal over adults lungs ie increased air, eg emphysema
Resonance
-medium-loud, clear, hollow. Normal lung tissue
Weight Assessment
Client remove shoes, excess clothing and accessories
Stand on scale
Document weight in kg to 1 decimal place
Height assessment
Client bare feet, standing flat with back comfortably straight, eyes ahead
Measure from highest point of the head
Record in cms
BMI
weight(kg)/height(m2)
<18.5 - underweight
18.5 - 24.9 - normal range
25 - 29.9 - overweight
30 - 34.9 - obesity class 1
35 - 39.9 - obesity class 2
> 40 - extreme obesity class 3
Waist circumference
Patient standing upright, abdomen exposed and relaxed
Measure highest point of iliac crest
Record in cms
> 80-88cm in women
94-102cm in men
with BMI 25-35
indicates increased risk of type II diabetes, dyslipidemia, hypertension, cardiovascular disease
Hip circumference
Patient upright
Measure widest part of hips and buttocks
Record in cms
Waist-Hip ratio
waist(cm)/hips(cm)
> 0.85 in women
> 0.9 in men
Indicates central obesity - increased risk for cardiovascular disease, type II diabetes
