Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Immunology and Haematology > Basics of Immunology > Flashcards

Basics of Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

Where do specialised cells of the immune system originate?

A

The bone marrow via the common progenitor cell (haematopoetic stem cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What does the common progenitor divide into?

A

Common myeloid progenitor

Common lymphoid progenitor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What does the common lymphoid progenitor?

A

NK Cells

Small lymphocyte

  • T Lymphocyte
  • B lymphocyte
    • plasma cell
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What does the common myeloid progenitor specialise into?

A

Megakaryocyte
Erythrocyte
Mast Cell
Myeloblast

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What do megakaryocytes specialise into?

A

Platelets

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What do myeloblasts specialise into?

A

Basophils
Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Monocyte

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What do monocytes specialise into?

A

Macrophage

Dendritic Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the innate immune system?

A

A fast but non-specific immune response

Shows no immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the adaptive immune system?

A

A slow but specific immune response that establishes an immunological memory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Where are MHC I’s found on human cells?

A

On the surface of all nucleated cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What do HLA genes code for?

A

Cell surface proteins that present antigens to T Cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does class I of HLA present to?

A

the APC for presentation of antigen to Tc

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does class II of HLA present to?

A

the APC for presentation of antiben to TH cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What kind of APC’s present with both MHC class I and class II ?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do naive CD8+ Tcells need to become Tc Cells?

A

professional APC such as dendritic cells and macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are examples of innate immunity?

A

Barriers

Cells (phagocytes, eosinophils, basophils, mast cells, NK cells)

Actions of the complement system

Soluble mediators (acite phase reactants, cytokines, chemokines, matrix metallo-proteinases, defensins)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does TH1 do?

A

Secrete interferon Y, IL-2, TNF, fights against intracellular pathogens, has a disease role in autoimmunity and chronic inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does TH2 do?

A

Secrete IL4, IL5, IL13. Defends against helminths and plays a disease role in allergy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What does TH17 do?

A

Secrete IL-17, IL-22 important in host defence against extracellular bacteria and fungi. Plays a diseaserole in autoimmunity and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the role of T Reg cells ?

A

Exert a controlling and regulatory influence on immune responses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What do Tc Cells do?

A

Secrete IFNY, kill cells infected by intracellular microbes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What is the role of B Cells?

A

They detect antigens via antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the subclasses of antibodies?

A

IgG, IgA, IgM, IgD, IgE

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the structure of antibodies?

A

2 heavy and 2 light chains

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are the functions of antibodies?
To bind and neutralise toxins, to form the immune complex, opsonisation, complement activation, cellular cytotoxicity
26
Give examples of primary lymphoid tissues?
Thymus and bone marrow
27
What occurs and the thymus?
T cells mature
28
What occurs at the bone marrow?
B cells mature
29
What are secondary lymphocytes?
Places where lymphocyte responses to foreign antigens are initiated - lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, adenoids, intestines
30
What is the naive state of an antigen?
immunoglobulin
31
What happens to immature B cells that recognise self antigen in the bone marrow?
They are negatively selected and die through apoptosis
32
When are developing T cells in the thymus not selected?
If they do not recognise self MHC
33
When are developing T Cells negatively selected?
When they recognise self-peptide plus self-MHC with high affinity = apoptosis
34
What are the most important mechanisms of peripheral tolerance?
Anergy and T regulatory cells
35
What is the principle of Anergy?
where the T cell regognises the antigen presented on an MHC molecule but does not respond as there is no costimulation. Cell becomes anergic
36
What is the function of T-regulatory cells ?
Inhibit neighbouring T-Cells
37
What is hypersensitivity?
An exaggerated or inappropriate fashion to environmental antigens which do not normally cause tissue damage
38
What is bystander damage?
The tissue damage is done by the exaggerated response rather than the antigen itself
39
What are hypersensitivities Types I, II and III mediated by?
Antibodies
40
What mediates hypersensitivity type IV reactions?
Inappropriate actions of TH1 and TH17 cells
41
What is involved in a type I hypersensitivity reaction?
Allergen, IgE, mast cell, TH2 cells, eosinophils and genes
42
Give examples of an airbourne allergen?
pollens, house dust mite, animal products
43
Give examples of an ingested allergen?
Milk, eggs, fish/shellfish, cereals, nuts
44
Give an examples of occupational allergens?
Latex, drugs (hospital) | Industrial
45
What is the definition of an atopic reaction?
Where you have a genetic potential to produce allergic reactions but will not suffer from any kind of clinical problem
46
What is atopy?
a genetic tendency to produce IgE to normally innocuous environmental allergens
47
What is allergy?
A clinical expression of the atopic tendency
48
Give examples of preformed mast cell mediators?
Histamine, heparin, tryptase, chymase, ECF, NCF
49
What mast cell mediators are newly synthesised as and when needed?
Prostaglandins, leukotrienes
50
What is the pathogenesis of an allergic reaction?
Allergen exposure --> ,mast cell + IgE production --> degranulation --> synthesis --> mucosal oedema/ capillary leakage/ secretios/ smooth muscle contractions/ vasodilation
51
What is the early phase response of an allergic reaction?
preformed mast cell mediators are released
52
What is the late phase response of an allergic reaction?
Newly synthesised mast cell mediators, Th2 cytokines and eosinophil mediators are released
53
What are type II hypersensitivity reactions?
Reactions mediated against antigens found on the surface of cells or fixed within certain tissues
54
How does antigen damage occur in a type II hypersensitivity reaction/.
Complement activation Fc binding and stimulation of phagocytes ADCC Inhibition of function of target cell function or stimulation of target cell function
55
Name some clinical type II hypersensitivity disorders?
Haemolytic reactions Haemolytic disease of the newborn Hyperacute graft rejection Graves disease, myaesthenia gravis, goodpasture's syndrome, pemphigus
56
What is a type III hypersensitivity reactions?
occurs when there is accumulation of immune complexes that have not been adequately cleared by innate immune cells, giving rise to an inflammatory response and attraction of leukocytes
57
Give examples of clinical presentations of type III hypersensitivity disorders?
Farmers lung, post-strep glomerulonephritis, tumours, SLE
58
What is an autoimmune disease?
Response to self-antigen, loss of tolerance
59
What are the functions of complement cells?
Chemotaxis of phagocytes to sites of inflammation Opsonisation Lysis of micro-organisms Maintenance of solubility of Ag/Ab
60
What do C1,4,2,3 deficiencies lead to?
Immune complex disease | Infection
61
What is MBP function?
Activates a classical complement pathway An opsonin in that it can bind to the cell surface of micro-organisms whose cell walls contain mannan
62
What do deficiencies of MBP result in?
A susceptibility to recurrent bacterial infections
63
What is SCID?
Severe Combined Immune Deficiency - Heterogeneous group of conditions with variable underlying genetic defects but generally produce severe dysfunction in T and B cell development
64
Why does SCID occur?
defects in pluripotent stem cells, lymphoid stem cells or T & B celsl
65
How does SCID present?
Infant usually well for the first 3 months then: - persistent superficial candida - diarrhoea and failure to thrive - chronic bronchiolitis - interstitial pneumonitis - overwhelming bacterial sepsis
66
What treatment is available for SCID?
Intensive supportive therapy, nutritional support, prophylactic and therapeutic antibiotics, anti-fungals, anti-virals, Ig replacement therapy, bone marrow transplant
67
What is an autograft?
Transfer of tissue between different sites within the same organism e.g skin graft
68
What is an isograft?
Transfer between genetically identical individuals
69
What is an allograft?
Transfer between genetically non-identical members of the same species
70
What is a Xenograft?
Transfer between species
71
What major antigens must donor and recipient share?
ABO blood group antigens | HLA-A, HLA-B and HLA-HR
72
When is blood or tissue match not required?
In tissue where little blood or lymphatic supply is present
73
What are the complications of transplantation?
``` Graft rejection Graft vs Host disease infection neoplasia drug side effects recurrence of original disease Ethical, surfical problems ```
74
What causes graft rejection?
HLA mismatch
75
What causes hyperacute rejection?
Pre-formed antibodies
76
What causes accelerated rejection?
TCell presence
77
What causes acute rejection?
Newly sensitised TCells
78
What causes chronic rejection?
Multifactorial
79
How can graft rejection be prevented?
ABO matching and detection of pre-sensitisation to donor organs Close tissue matching Prophylactic immunosuppressive therapy
80
How do corticosteroids work?
Affect T and B cell function which affects cytokine networks, inflammation, TCell and monocyte function and transit or immunologically active cells
81
How does azathioprine work?
Purine analogue which inhibits DNA synthesis. Inhibits T and NK cell function
82
How does cyclophosphamide work?
Alkylating agent which interferes with DNA synthesis which suppresses B cells and Ab production
83
What does cyclosporin and tacrolimus do?
Suppresses T cells and NK cells
84
What does sirolimus cell do?
Decreases IL-2 production by TH cellsq
85
What does mycophenolic acid do?
Inhibits purine and prevents T cell proliferation, antibody production and leukocyte migration

Immunology and Haematology (10 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions