basics of organic: content Flashcards
(21 cards)
alkanes
saturated hydrocarbons
CₙH₂ₙ₊₂
-ane
alkenes
unsaturated hydrocarbons (contain a C=C double bond
CₙH₂ₙ
-ene
cycloalkanes
saturated hydrocarbons
CₙH₂ₙ (same as for alkenes)
cyclic structure
cyclo- -ane
haloalkanes
contain a C-X bond
[fluoro/chloro/bromo/iodo]- -ane
alcohols
contain the OH (hydroxyl) functional group
-ol
aldehydes
contain a carbonyl (C=O) bond at the end of a carbon chain
- al
ketones
contain a carbonyl (C=O) bond in the middle of the carbon chain
- one
ester
contain the -COO- functional group
- alkyl [ ] -oate
carboxylic acids
contain the -COOH functional group
[ ] -oic acid
nitriles
-C≡N
[ ]enitrile
amines
C-NH₂
alkyl amine OR amino- [ ]
how to describe organic molecules (IUPAC nomenclature)
1) longest carbon chain
2) branched carbon chains
3) put in alphabetical order when more than one functional group is present
4) multiples of the same functional group must be represented by positinoal numbers and numeral prefixes
assign positional numbers to the carbons making up the longest chain
attach
identify the positional carbon to which the [branch chain] is attached
rules for positional carbon numbers (nomenclature)
- number from the side that gives the functional group the lowest possible positional number
- any suffix functional groups must be given the lowest positional number possible
naming diols
add an ‘e’ before the numbers
(ethane -1,2-diol)
naming dienes
add an ‘a’ before the numbers
(buta-1,3-diene)
difference between aldehydes and ketones
alDehydes have the carbonyl group at the enD of the carbon chain
ketones have it in the middle
types of structural isomerism
chain isomerism
position isomerism
functional group isomerism
types of stereoisomerism
E/Z isomerism
optical isomerism
chain isomerism
same molecular formula, different length of longest carbon chain
position isomerism
same molecular formula, functional group is on a different positional carbon
functional group isomerism
same molecular formula, different functional group
