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Basidiomycetes Flashcards

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1
Q

Basidiomycetes, aka…

A

“club” fungi

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2
Q

Basidium

A

Where basidiospores are produced

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3
Q

Orders of Importance

A

Ustilaginales

Uredinales

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4
Q

Ustilaginales

A
  • Smuts
  • Disease looks like soot
  • Two spore types:
    basidiospores (N)
    teliospores (N+N)
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5
Q

Uredinales

A
  • Rusts

- Five spore types

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6
Q

Smut Genera

A
  • Ustilago
  • Tilletia
  • Splacelotheca
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7
Q

Characteristics of Smuts

A
  • worldwide
  • Conspicuous…
    Fungus replaces seed
    Produces black spores
    (Some attack stems / leaves)
  • Fastidious = fussy! hard to grow in culture
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8
Q

Smut in seedlings

A

Attacks young tissue, entire seedling is colonized. As plant matures, fungus replaces embryo (flower) with spores… OW as teliospores in plant debris. Mgt - resistance, seed trt, systemic fungicides

ex. covered smut, bunt, head smut of corn

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9
Q

Localized Smut

A

Attacks anywhere on plant

ex. common smut of corn

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10
Q

Embryo Infection of Smut

A

Directly attacks embryo / flower… replaces embryo, then seed -> spores are produced. Seed infestation.

ex. louse smut

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11
Q

Corn Smut causal organism

A

Common - Ustilago zeae

Head - Splacelotheca reilana

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12
Q

Corn Smut host range

A

Corn and closest relatives

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13
Q

Corn Smut geo

A

Wherever corn is grown

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14
Q

Corn Smut symptoms

A

None!

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15
Q

Corn Smut signs

A

Common - whitish / greyish galls or swelling anywhere on plant. Swellings darken, rupture… release black teliospores.

Head - kernels replaced with swellings. Swellings darken, rupture… release black teliospores.

Difference = where disease occurs initially

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16
Q

Corn Smut disease cycle

A

Monocyclic

OW - teliospores (N+N) in debris (common), harvested seed (head)

Germinate -> basidiospores (N), wind-borne (common), infected seedling (head)

Infection - anywhere (common), grows with plant (head)

Signs … OW

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17
Q

Corn Smut management

A

Not much to do.

Common - erratic, cannot predict.

Head - resistance, seed trt, actually a delicacy in some countries (truffle)

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18
Q

Characteristics of Rusts

A
  • Among most destructive plant diseases… attack mostly leaves / stems.
  • Some need two unrelated hosts to complete life cycle (heteroecious), some need only one (autoecious)
  • Five spore forms in MACROCYCLIC life cycle:
    • teliospores
    • basidiospores
    • spermatia
    • aeciospores
    • urediniospores

MICROCYCLIC - missing one or more spore forms

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19
Q

Rust signs

A

Yellowish, reddish spores

Black spores

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20
Q

Rust symptoms

A

Orangish, yellowish spots usually on leaves

Galls

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21
Q

Rust teliospores

A

(N+N), overwintering

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22
Q

Rust basidiospores

A

(N), dispersed, produced in layers and exposed to air before shooting off

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23
Q

Rust spermatia

A

Male gametes, only purpose is to fertilize

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24
Q

Rust aeciospores

A

(N+N), result of sexual process (union of spermatia with receptive hyphae)

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25
Rust urediniospores
Repeating spores, dispersed
26
Wheat stem rust
Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici Wheat and barberry (heteroecious) - urediniospore on wheat - teliospores - macrocyclic rust
27
Cedar apple rust
Gymnosporangium juniperi-virginianae Cedar and apple (heteroecious) - no urediniospores - microcyclic
28
Coffee rust
Hemileia vastatrix autoecious, polycyclic, microcyclic - urediniospores on coffee - basidiospores germinate
29
White pine blister rust
Cronartium ribicola Ribes (gooseberry, currants) as alt host - urediniospores on ribes
30
Fusiform gall rust on Southern pine
Cronartium quercuum f. sp. fusiforme Oak is alt host
31
Daylily rust
Puccinia hemerocallidis
32
Asparagus rust
Puccinia asparagi
33
Carnation rust
Uromyces dianthi
34
Coffee Rust losses
Decreased vigor, longevity, photosynthetic capacity This year's disease affects next year's losses Severe infection -> twig / branch death
35
Coffee Rust favorable conditions
59-82°F wet conditions for spore germination, driven by rain more than wind occurs continually due to year-round growth
36
Coffee Rust management
Resistance Quarantine (past) - Sri Lanka, 1867... ~100 years until in Americas Cultural practices - increase air flow - avoid excess water / nitrogen Fungicides
37
Soybean Rust
Asian - Phakospora pachyrhizi - no resistance, watching for arrival in US American - Phakospora meibromiae - not as destructive Must blow into soybean crop to infect (takes weeks or months) -> hits around maturity
38
Exobasidiales
No basidiocarp, basidiospores produced on surface of parasitized tissue Exobasidium causes leaf galls of azalea / camelia
39
Ceratobasidiales
Weblike basidiocarp, inconspicuous, "sterile" fungi (no spores)
40
Thanatephorus
Rhizoctonia spp. - root rots
41
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf causal organism
Rhizoctonia solani and other species
42
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf host
most plants of interest to man, esp herbaceous annuals (cotton, soybean, lettuce, tomato) all warm season turfgrasses
43
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf geo
worldwide
44
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf symptoms
Turf - circular patches of affected plants develop during spring / fall when grasses enter /exit dormancy period. Recently affected foliage may appear orange. Water-soaked or reddish brown lesions found on leaf sheaths (foliage dies back from this point) Other plants - reddish-brown, sunken lesions
45
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf signs
in wet weather, white cobwebby fungal growth, likely found on lower parts of plant Distinguishable by right-angle branching
46
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf favorable conditions
48 hours continuous moisture Thatch temps between 50 - 70° F
47
Rhizoctonia root rot / Large Patch of Turf management
Control moisture -> soil drainage, air circulation, reduce excess shade Mowing height (turf) -> with zoyziagrass, 1.5 inches decreases disease compared to 0.5 inch
48
Thyphula
Snow molds of turfgrasses
49
Agaricomycotina
characterized for having spores on lining of surfaces of small tubes or pores
50
Southern Stem Blight / white mold causal organism
Aethalium (Sclerotium) rolfsii
51
Sclerotium (-tia)
survival structure of Aethalium (Sclerotium) rolfsii [Southern Stem Blight / white mold] golden to dark brown / black as they develop
52
Southern Stem Blight / white mold host range
more than 500 plant species - tomato - peanut - apple - many woody ornamentals and herbaceous annuals
53
Southern Stem Blight / white mold geo
Worldwide, but predominant in warmer climates
54
Southern Stem Blight / white mold symptoms
Begins as water-soaked lesion near soil line Lesions expand to girdle stem Plants wilt and die rapidly
55
Southern Stem Blight / white mold signs
White mat of mycelium develops at lesion... spreads across soil surface. Round mycelial bodies begin to form Seed-size structures are sclerotia -> darken to near black
56
Southern Stem Blight / white mold favorable conditions
Monocyclic wide temp range (46 - 104° F), optimal = 81 - 95° F, high humidity favors hyphal growth fluctuating moisture promotes sclerotial germination and rapid plant death, more sclerotia produced in 5 - 7 days DOES NOT HAVE SPORES - mammals spread this disease. Will spread through soil but not far
57
Southern Stem Blight / white mold management
Keep fungus out of production area Crop rotation to non-host (ie. grass) Prompt removal of infected plants Soil solarization - clear plastic, direct sun, 4 - 8 weeks Fungicide (must be at base of plant)
58
Heterobasidion annosus (Fomes annosum)
Root and butt rot of conifers
59
Rotting fungi
Characterized by spores borne radiating gills, lots of mycorrhizal fungi
60
Armillaria mellea
Root rot of forest and fruit trees, esp oak. Has edible fruiting body
61
Pleurotus spp
white rots of hardwoods
62
Pholiota spp
brown rots of hardwoods
63
Agaricus bisporus
Common edible mushroom in grocery store
64
Conks
"mushroom-like" structure on trees and woody structures. Monocyclic basidiospores INSIDE conks... fall from structures, picked up by wind. Enters through wounds on trees / host. Kills trees due to inner rotting
65
Mushrooms
Basidiospores on gills Create fairy rings - usually presence of tree stump / wood in soil or old, buried roots
66
Dry rots
break down cellulose
67
Wet rots
Whitish fungal growth fungi draw water to them
68
Stain fungi
Discolors wood - pink, blue, green, orange
69
Mycorrhizae
Root infectors, beneficial - helps plants absorb minerals (increase root surface area)
70
Three types of mycorrhizae
Ectomycorrhizae - external to root Endomycorrhizae - internal to root Ericoid mycorrhizae - intermediate

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