BB Flashcards

Question

which of the following is a free nerve ending? A B C D E

Answer 1

which of the following is a free nerve ending? A B **C** D E

Answer 2

6. Schizophrenia occurs because of an excess of which neurotransmitter? * *Dopamine** 7. Name 2 side effects of antipsychotics * *Extrapyramidal effects – acute dystonia, parkinsonism's, tardive dyskinesia. Hyperprolactinaemia**

Answer 3

which part of the brainstem in this? - midbrain - **pons** - open medulla - closed medulla

Answer 4

_Open angle Glaucoma:_ flow reduced due to degeneration and obstruction of trabecular meshwork. _Closed Angle Glaucoma:_ iridocorneal angle is **completely** **closed**. Flow of fluid inside the eye cannot pass through the **canal of Schlemm.**

Answer 5

which of the following is inhibited by prolactin inhbiting factor? Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) **Prolactin (PL)** Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 6

superior petrosal sinus

Answer 7

which of the following would be used to ischaemic stroke ? CT venogram plain CT head **CT angiography** CT perfusion MRI

Answer 8

which of the following is the ligamaentum flavum? A B C D E **F**

Answer 9

A 44-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department having been hit by a car while crossing the road. The paramedics tell you that he was fully conscious at the scene, but while travelling in the ambulance his consciousness level seemed to deteriorate. He is now responsive to voice but is only responding in single words. After stabilising the patient, you request an urgent CT scan of the head. This shows the patient has an extradural haemorrhage. A common cause of extradural haemorrhage is rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery runs along the deep surface of the cranium, with its anterior division running close to which of the following points on the cranium? **Pterion** Asterion Lambda Bregma Nasion

Answer 10

which of the following is a merkels disc? A B C **D** E

Answer 11

what structure is this? pons medulla oblongata **brainstem** hypothalamus fasciculus gracilis

Answer 12

which of the following are used for motor to skeletal muscle? **Aα** Aβ Aγ Aδ C

Answer 13

Which layer of the eye provides nourishment to the retina? retina **choroid layer** sclera cornea macula

Answer 14

which of the following has the corticospinal tracts in ? A B C **D: cerebral peduncles** E

Answer 15

which of these CN does not come from the pons? trigeminal vestibulochoclear **oculomotor** abducent facial

Answer 16

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes arousal & attention to pain? **PAG** mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus

Answer 17

which part of the eye do the extraocular muscles attach to? iris retina cornea lens **sclera** choriod

Answer 18

which of the following are substrates for ABC transporters, which typically undergo drug efflux and restricts the brains uptake of drugs? anti-deppresive anti-addictive anti-schizophrenic **anti-epileptic** anti-parkinson

Answer 19

**alpha motor neuron** beta motor neuron delta motor neuron gamma motor neuron

Answer 20

the upper limb & face somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery? ICA **MCA** ACA Basilar A PCA

Answer 21

convergence is mediated by which extraoculomotor muscle? superior rectus inferior rectus lateral rectus **medial rectus** superior oblique

Answer 22

which of the following would be used to detect aneurysms? CT venogram plain CT head **CT angiography** CT perfusion MRI

Answer 23

A: ethmoid sinus B: sphenoid sinus

Answer 24

which foramen is this? foramen ovale foramen spinosum **Internal acoustic meatus** Foramen lacerum Carotid canal

Answer 25

which sinus is this? Superior sagital sinus Inferior sagital sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinuses **Sigmoid sinuses**

Answer 26

An 18-year-old male presents to casualty with a depressed skull fracture. This is managed surgically. Over the next few days he complains of double vision on walking down stairs and reading. On testing ocular convergence, the left eye faces downwards and medially, but the right side does not do so. Which of the nerves listed below is most likely to be responsible? Facial Oculomotor Abducens **Trochlear** Trigeminal **The trochlear nerve has a relatively long intracranial course and this makes it vulnerable to injury in head trauma. Head trauma is the commonest cause of an acute fourth nerve palsy. A 4th nerve palsy is the commonest cause of a vertical diplopia. The diplopia is at its worst when the eye looks medially which it usually does as part of the accommodation reflex when walking down stairs.** DiscussImprove

Answer 27

when GABA binds to GABAa receptor, a change occurs to the receptor. which ion can then subsequenlty move into the CNS cell? Na- K+ Ca2+ **Cl-** H+

Answer 28

which are the 4 main plexi of the spinal cord? [4] **cervical, brachial, lumbar and sacral**

Answer 29

which of the following glial cells main role is to modulate K+, water and neurotransmitters in CNS satellite cells microglial cells **astrocyte** ependymal cells oligodendrocytes

Answer 30

which sinus do most cerebral veins drain into? straight sinus transverse sinus **superior saggital sinus** inferior saggital sinus sigmoid sinus

Answer 31

what type of cells are surrounding the cell bodies? **satellite** astrocytes oligodendrocytes schwann ependymal

Answer 32

the majority of neurons in reticular formation use what type of NTs? Ach glutamate gaba **monoamines (e.g. dopamine)** NO

Answer 33

which spinal tract carries vibration Cortiocspinal **DCML** Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar

Answer 34

contraction of which of the following maintains muscle tension? alpha motor neuron beta motor neuron delta motor neuron **gamma motor neuron - contraction of intrafusal muscle fibres maintains tension**

Answer 35

which of the following glial cells are attacked by antibodies in MS? satellite cells microglial cells astrocyte ependymal cells **oligodendrocytes**

Answer 36

which motor neuron activates extrafusal muscle fibres? **alpha motor neuron** beta motor neuron delta motor neuron gamma motor neuron

Answer 37

which CN carriers motor innervation to the muscles of mastication? **trigeminal nerve** facial nerve vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 38

which of the following are rapidly-adapting, encapsulated neurons that responds to low-frequency vibrations and fine touch; Ruffini endings Pacinian corpuscles **Meissner’s corpuscles** Merkel’s disk

Answer 39

which of the following is the tentorium cerebellum? **A** B C D E

Answer 40

which part of cerebellum causes skilled motor tasks? a) vestibulo-cerebellum b) spino-cerebellum * *c) cerebro-cerebellum**

Answer 41

which of the following is the retina? A B C **D** E F

Answer 42

which of the following extraocular muscles is not innervated by the oculomotor nerve? superior rectus **superior oblique** inferior oblique medial rectus

Answer 43

dural venous sinuses are found in: **dura mater: betweeen periosteal and meningeal layer** arachnoid pia mater subarachnoid space between bone and dura mater

Answer 44

which of these CN does not come from the midbrain? olfactory, trochlea optic oculomotor **abducent**

Answer 45

A patient is experiencing numbness across the lateral aspect of their shoulder, what spinal level do you think the injury is at? T1 T2 C6 **C5** C7

Answer 46

which neck triangle would you find the thryoid and parathyroid glands? Submandibular/digastric carotid triangle **muscular** submental

Answer 47

roots of the ansa cervicalis? C1-C2 **C1-C3** C1-C4 C1-C5 C1-C6

Answer 48

which of these CN does not come from the medulla oblongata? glossopharyngeal accessory hypoglossal **trochlear** vagus

Answer 49

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus PICA AICA superior cerebllar artery pons **posterior cerebral artery**

Answer 50

which of the following would you use to differentiate between salvgeable ischameic brain from infarcted brain? CT venogram plain CT head CT angiography **CT perfusion** MRI

Answer 51

which neck triangle would you find the facial artery and vein branches? **Submandibular/digastric** carotid triangle muscular submental

Answer 52

The visualised ventricles are enlarged - this is known as **hydrocephalus** (or ventriculomegaly).

Answer 53

which location in the eye is the location of maximal photoreceptor density? optic disc **macula** iris lens retina

Answer 54

What has caused this visual field defect? **Pituitary adenoma** Haemorrhagic stroek Ischaemic stroke Meningitis Cerebellar tumour

Answer 55

tumours in which space raise intercranial pressure and may cause herniation of the temporal lobe (uncus)? falx cerebri **tentorium cerebelli** tentorial notch falx cerebelli infundibulum

Answer 56

A: **outer sensory cells** B: **inner sensory cells**

Answer 57

which sinus is this? Superior sagital sinus Inferior sagital sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinuses **Sigmoid sinuses**

Answer 58

Motor Program switching Inhibit antagonistic and unnecessary movement Role in attention and cognition

Answer 59

which of the following lies either side of the thalamus? * *- third ventricle** - fourth ventricle - midbrain - corpus callosum - lateral ventricles

Answer 60

which of the following would do you take an lumbar puncture from from? [1] A B **C** D

Answer 61

Why might lumbar puncture be more challenging in a young child? [1] Acceptable responses: **spinal cord lower, the spinal cord ends lower down, the spinal cord travels further down the vertebral column**

Answer 62

which of the following are slow adapting, encapsulated receptors that respond to skin stretch **Ruffini endings** Pacinian corpuscles Meissner’s corpuscles Merkel’s disk

Answer 63

what is C? middle cerebral artery basilar artery **posterior cerebral artery** anterior cerebral artery internal carotid artery

Answer 64

which of the following is the muscular division of anterior triangle? A B **C** D

Answer 65

which neck triangle would you find the vagus, spinal accessory, hypoglossal, cervical sympathetic trunk, Ansa cervicalis? Submandibular/digastric **carotid triangle** muscular submental

Answer 66

damage to which of the following would meaningful but abbrievated, ungrammatical speech angular gyrus arcuate fasiculus **broca's area** wernickes area

Answer 67

A patient is taken into the emergency department with an aneurysm of the posterior communicating artery. One of their signs on presentation is a fixed dilation of the pupils. This is thought to be due to the aneurysm compressing one of the cranial nerves. Which cranial nerve palsy is responsible for this presentation? Olfactory Optic Opthalmalic **Oculomotor:** **The oculomotor nerve is responsible for the pupillary sphincter** Trochlear

Answer 68

which of the following is best described by ''layer of CT and BVs. Provides nourishment to the outer layers of the retina.' iris cornea lens sclera **choriod**

Answer 69

which is the largest cranial nerve? opthamalic VN **trigeminal** optic glosspharnyngeal

Answer 70

which of the following is the iris? A **B** C D E F

Answer 71

which part of the brainstem is the choroidal artery associated with? **midbrain** pons medulla

Answer 72

A 42-year-old female presents to the GP with her husband. She tells that over the past four months she has been suffering with dryness in both eyes. You suspect this may be due to an impairment of the gland responsible for tear production. What is the venous drainage of this gland? Anterior facial vein Basicil vein Retromandibular vein **Superior opthalmic vein** Inferior mesenteric vein

Answer 73

which of the following mediates neck flexes triggered by seen objects? medial longitudinal fasciculi lateral geniculate pathway **tectonate pathway** meyers loop optic nerve

Answer 74

which of the following increases release of monoamines? ketamine cocaine heroin nicotine **ecstasy**

Answer 75

what is A? middle cerebral artery basilar artery posterior cerebral artery **anterior cerebral artery** internal carotid artery

Answer 76

which of the following inhibits uptake of monoamines? ketamine **cocaine** heroin nicotine ecstasy

Answer 77

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain? **PICA** AICA superior cerebllar artery pons posterior cerebral artery

Answer 78

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion? 1 2 **3** 4 5

Answer 79

which of the following is the masseter? A B C D E F **G**

Answer 80

Which of the following is A? Pons Medulla Cerebral aquaduct Fourth ventricle **Midbrain**

Answer 81

which of the following are are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Ruffini endings **Pacinian corpuscles** Meissner’s corpuscles Merkel’s disk

Answer 82

which muscle does the abducens innervate? superior rectus medial rectus **lateral rectus** inferior oblique inferior rectus

Answer 83

which part of the neuron is the site of most of synaptic inputs? **dendrite** cell body axon axon terminal

Answer 84

From which of these foraminae does the opthalmic branch of the trigeminal nerve exit the skull? Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Foramen spinosum **Superior orbital fissure** Foreman magnum

Answer 85

Which structure is at risk of compression by a very posteriorly displaced dens? **spinal cord**

Answer 86

which artery supplies the spinal tract of spinothalamic? **anterior spinal artery** posterior spinal artery

Answer 87

The thalamus acts as a relay for sensory information entering the cortex from the peripheries. Which of the following nucleus of the thalamus is responsible for conveying auditory input from the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII) to the primary auditory cortex? Ventro-posterior medial nucleus Ventro-posterior lateral nucleus Ventral anterior nucleus **Medial geniculate nucleus** Lateral geniculate nucleus

Answer 88

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy? **Ecstasy – increases release of monoamines Cocaine – inhibits reuptake of monoamines** What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy? **Aversion therapy Inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase – build up of acetaldehyde**

Answer 89

which of the following CN are involved with extraocular muscle movement? oculumotor (III), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV) **oculumotor (III), trochlear (IV), abducens (IV)** oculumotor (III), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV) oculumotor (III), abducens (IV), optic (II) optic (II), trigeminal (V), abducens (IV)

Answer 90

which artery provides blood to the midbrain & thalamus PICA AICA superior cerebllar artery pons **posterior cerebral artery**

Answer 91

which structure seperates the cerebral hemispheres? **falx cerebri** tentorium cerebelli anterior cranial fossa brainstem corpus callosum

Answer 92

which of the following is not located in the sphenoid bone? **jugular foramen: temporal bone** stylomastoid foramen superior orbital fissure foramen rotundum foramen ovale

Answer 93

**Maxillabone (2/3) & palatine bone**

Answer 94

which bones make up the anterior cranial fossa? [3] **frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid** which lobe of brain lies in the anterior cranial fossa? [1] **frontal lobe** which bones make up the middle cranial fossa? [3] **sphenoid, temporal and parietal** which lobe of brain lies in the middle cranial fossa? [1] **temporal lobes & pituitaury gland** which bones make up the posterior cranial fossa? [4] **sphenoid, parietal, temporal and occipital** which lobe of brain lies in the posterior cranial fossa? [1] **cerebellum**

Answer 95

which of the following supplies the medial side of frontal and parietal lobes? middle cerebral artery **anterior cerebral artery** posterior communicating artery menigeal branch opthalmic artery

Answer 96

which of the following is released by gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PL) **Lutenising hormone (LH)** Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 97

Epidural needle is inserted into: - space between arachnoid mater and pia mater - space between dura mater and arachnoid - space between arachnoid and pia mater * *- space between vertebrae and dura mater** - into the spinal cord

Answer 98

which of the following is really spread out in the midbrain? Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Spinocerebellar **Cortiocospinal** Spinothalamic

Answer 99

which ascending spinal tract exclusively carries sensory nerves on the ipsilateral side of the spinal cord? anterior spinocerebellar spinothalamic gracile fasciculus cuneate fasciculus **posterior spinocerebellar**

Answer 100

A General Practitioner performs an eye examination to a 44-year-old lady. When shining a light on the left eye, the direct pupillary reflex is normal while the consensual response of the right eye is absent. Direct and consensual reflexes are normal when the light is shone into the right eye. Where is the most likely site of the lesion? Right retectal nucleus Left optic nerve **Right Edinger-Westphal nucleus** Left Edinger-Westphal nucleus Left pretectal nucleus

Answer 101

which of the following will show localised pain? corticospinal tract **anterior spinothalamic tract** posterior spinothalamic tract lateral reticulospinal tract medial reticulospinal tract

Answer 102

which of the following is caused by relaxtion of the arteynoid muscles? normal respiration deep respiration phonation **whispering**

Answer 103

what type of imaging is this? CT venogram PET scan CT angiography CT perfusion **MRI**

Answer 104

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus? middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery menigeal branch **opthalmic artery**

Answer 105

which of the lateral spinothalamic tracts causes perception of pain? PAG mediodorsal nuclei of thalamus **ventromedial (VM) & ventroposterior (VP) of thalamus**

Answer 106

which following muscles is innervated the the abducent CN? superior rectus inferior rectus medial rectus **lateral rectus** inferior oblique

Answer 107

which CN nerve motor innervates the lateral rectus nerve? optic nerve oculomotor trochlea **abducent** vagus

Answer 108

which part of the brain helps distinguish left from right? occipital lobe frontal lobe temporal lobe **parietal lobe** brain stem

Answer 109

the spinal cord terminates at the: cauda equina filum terminale **conus medullaris** foramen magnum 1st coccygeal vert

Answer 110

Which meningeal space is targeted in lumbar puncture? [1] Acceptable responses: **subarachnoid space, subarachnoid, csf space, csf**

Answer 111

which PNS cells ensure the rapid conduction of nerve impulses? oligodendrocytes ependymal astrocytes satellite cells **schwann cells**

Answer 112

A 19-year-old man is involved in a high-speed collision on a motorway. He sustains a head injury and is brought into hospital, intubated and ventilated, and undergoes a computed tomography (CT) scan of his head. The scan shows an area of cerebral hemisphere being forced inferiorly towards the brainstem. This is reported by the radiologist as 'uncal herniation'. Through what structure, made of dura mater, is the brain herniating? Falx cerebelli Falx cerebri Sella diaphragm **Tentorium cereblli** Trigeminal cave ## Footnote **The tentorium cerebelli of the dura mater separates the occipital lobes from cerebellum**

Answer 113

which part of the spinal cord is only seen at the thoraco / lumbar level? posterior horn of grey **lateral horn of grey** posterior funiculus lateral funiculus anterior horn of grey

Answer 114

which tract does pinprick test? Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Spinocerebellar Cortiocospinal **Spinothalamic**

Answer 115

damage to which of the following would cause fluent, but meaningless speech in a patient? angular gyrus arcuate fasiculus broca's area **wernickes area**

Answer 116

tigh junctions of the endothelial cells continous endothelial basal lamina (pericytes) end foot processes of astrocytes

Answer 117

which of the following provide myelin in CNS **oligodendrocytes** ependymal astrocytes microglial schwann

Answer 118

which of the following glial cells making neurotrophic factors? satellite cells **schwann cells** astrocyte ependymal cells oligodendrocytes

Answer 119

which neck triangle would you find the common carotid artery bifurcation? Submandibular/digastric **carotid triangle** muscular submental

Answer 120

which of the following is best described by 'initiation and _maintenence_ of movements, contains motor programs ' cerebellum lower motor neuron **basal ganglia** upper motor neuron

Answer 121

which of the following provides parasympathetic innervation to lacrimal gland? trigeminal (V) Abducens (VI) **Facial (VII)** Vestibulochoclear (CN VIII)

Answer 122

which of the following helps to maintain the environment around the neuronal body in the ganglion oligodendrocytes ependymal astrocytes **satellite cells** schwann cells

Answer 123

which part of the sphenoid does pituitary gland sit it? anterior clinoid process greater wing superior orbital fissure **sella turcicia** posterior clinoid process

Answer 124

what is C? corpus callosum lateral ventricles third ventricle thalamus hypothalamus

Answer 125

which of the following is best described as 'disruption of the axons, resulting from severe crush or contusion' neurapraxia **axonotmesis** neurotmesis

Answer 126

A 34-year-old man is brought to the emergency department by ambulance following a major head injury. The resulting raised intracranial pressure causes compression of the cranial nerve with the longest intracranial length. The patient develops binocular vertical and torsional diplopia. What cranial nerve is affected? ``` Abducens nerve (VI) Facial nerve (VII) Oculomotor nerve (III) Trigeminal nerve (V) **Trochlear nerve (IV)** ``` ## Footnote **The trochlear nerve has the longest intracranial length of any of the cranial nerves**

Answer 127

which artery supplies the spinal tract of spinocerebellar? **anterior spinal artery** posterior spinal artery

Answer 128

neuromodulators typically bind to which type of receptors? ion activated channels **GPCRs** enzyme linked channels nucleus binding rs

Answer 129

what is highlighted here? dorsal root ganglion sympathetic ganglia ventral root dorsal rootlet **spinal nerve**

Answer 130

Which structure may be affected by cervical vertebral fractures? [1] **vertebral arteries**

Answer 131

glaucoma is caused by the compression of which CN? **CN II - opthalmic** CN III - oculomotor CN IV - trochlear CN VI - abducens CN VII - facial

Answer 132

which part of cerebellum causes locomotion & movements of arms and legs? a) vestibulo-cerebellum * *b) spino-cerebellum** c) cerebro-cerebellum

Answer 133

which of the following uses mechanical, hydrodyanmic and electricochemical as its mode of operation? a) outer ear b) middle ear * *c) inner ear** d) central auditory nS

Answer 134

glossopharyngeal and vagus nerve leave the skull via which foramen? formen spinosum carotid canal **jugular foramen** foramen lacerum foreman magnum

Answer 135

which of the following stimulates production of sex hormones by gonads? Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PL) **Lutenising hormone (LH)** Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 136

what type of joint is the articulation of the inferior articular facet of one vertebra with the superior acrticular facet of the vertebra immediately below it? - pivot joint * *- facet joint** - condyloid - plane joint

Answer 137

approx. 1/2 of the UMN axons orginate from: Brodmann's area 1 Brodmann's area 2 Brodmann's area 3 **Brodmann's area 4 = aka primary motor cortex** Brodmann's area 5

Answer 138

which part of the brainstem in this? - midbrain - pons * *- open medulla** - closed medulla

Answer 139

which part of the brain is involved in emotional traits and voluntary movements? occipital lobe **frontal lobe** temporal lobe parietal lobe cerebellum

Answer 140

An 84-year-old gentleman presents to the emergency department after his wife was unable to wake him this morning. She tells you that he fell out of bed during the night, hitting his head on the bedside cabinet. On examination, the gentleman is responsive to pain, but not voice. You perform a CT scan of his head, which shows an extradural haematoma. Extradural haematomas are commonly due to a rupture of the middle meningeal artery. The middle meningeal artery arises from which artery? **Maxillary artery** Inferior alveolar artery Superifial temporal artery Internal carotid artery Facial artery

Answer 141

- sucking action is transmitted to the hypothalamus via WHAT tract **spinothalamic** spinocerebellar DCML arcuate fasiculus corticospinal

Answer 142

Lumbar puncture with needle is inserted into: * *- space between arachnoid mater and pia mater** - space between dura mater and arachnoid - space between arachnoid and pia mater - space between vertebrae and dura mater - into the spinal cord

Answer 143

A 43-year-old woman who presented to the emergency department with a sudden onset headache is being assessed by the emergency doctor. Her body mass index is 33 kgm2. On examination of her cranial nerves, she is found to have papilloedema on fundoscopy, and she also reports a loss of taste in the posterior third of her tongue. Which one of the following nerves may be responsible for the loss? Facial nerve Vesitbulocochlear nerve **Glossopharnyngeal nerve** Vagus nerve Accessory nerve

Answer 144

which artery is highlighted in green? anterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery posterior communicating arteries **anterior communicating arteries** basilar artery **which two arteries does it connect? [1]** anterior cerebal arteries

Answer 145

which lobe is wernickes area found in? frontal parietal **temporal** occipital cerebellum

Answer 146

A 55-year-old woman presents to the Emergency Department with facial drooping and slurred speech. You suspect this patient has had a stroke and perform a cranial nerves examination. Her oculomotor nerve has been affected. What symptom would you expect to see in this patient? Arcuate scotoma Bitemporal hemianopia Horizontal diplopia **Ptosis** Vertical diplopia

Answer 147

8. Which 2 neurotransmitters are associated with depression * *Low level of noradrenaline and serotonin at the level of receptor** 9. What is the mechanism of action of TCAs * *Antagonise noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake** 10. Why do they have more side effects than SSRIs * *TCAs also inhibit H1, muscarinic and alpha adreno receptors. SSRIs more specific to serotonin receptors**

Answer 148

which sinus is this? Superior sagital sinus **Inferior sagital sinus** Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinuses Sigmoid sinuses

Answer 149

which of the following is submental division of anterior triangle? A B C **D**

Answer 150

A 36-year-old woman presents to your clinic with a 2-day history of double vision. You take a full history and she denies having any other visual change. Upon examination, she is unable to abduct her left eye. Which cranial nerve is most likely affected? CN 2 CN 3 CN 4 CN 5 **CN 6**

Answer 151

after information comes inm where is the main region of the brain that decides if action should be sympathetic or parasympathetic? [1] **nucleus of solitary tract!**

Answer 152

which extraoculomotor muscle is innervated by the trochlea nerve? [1] !! **superior oblique**

Answer 153

Tonometry is a diagnostic test that measures the **pressure inside your eye,** which is called intraocular pressure (IOP). This measurement can help your doctor determine whether or not you may be at risk of glaucoma.

Answer 154

which artery is highlighted in green? anterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery posterior communicating arteries **anterior communicating arteries** basilar artery **which two arteries does it connect? [1]** anterior cerebal arteries

Answer 155

which foramen does the internal carotid artery pass over the top of? formen spinosum carotid canal jugular foramen **foramen lacerum** foreman magnum

Answer 156

Mechanism of action of cocaine and ecstasy? **Ecstasy – increases release of monoamines Cocaine – inhibits reuptake of monoamines** What is the MOA of disulfiram and how would you classify this therapy? **Aversion therapy Inhibit aldehyde dehydrogenase – build up of acetaldehyde**

Answer 157

which of the following form blood brain barrier? oligodendrocytes ependymal **astrocytes** microglial schwann

Answer 158

8. Which 2 neurotransmitters are associated with depression * *Low level of noradrenaline and serotonin at the level of receptor** 9. What is the mechanism of action of TCAs * *Antagonise noradrenaline and serotonin reuptake** 10. Why do they have more side effects than SSRIs * *TCAs also inhibit H1, muscarinic and alpha adreno receptors. SSRIs more specific to serotonin receptors**

Answer 159

which of the following is caused by posterior intrinsic muscle contraction? normal respiration **deep respiration** phonation whispering

Answer 160

spinal accessory nerves leave the skull via which foramen? formen spinosum carotid canal **jugular foramen** foramen lacerum foreman magnum

Answer 161

which cell are the arrows pointing to? oligodendrocytes ependymal astrocytes **microglial** schwann

Answer 162

which part of the temporal bone contains the organs of hearing? squamous external acoustic meatus **petrous part** mastoid process styloid process

Answer 163

what type of imaging is this? CT MRI T2 PET Ultrasound **MRI T1**

Answer 164

which of the following is neurotmesis? A B **C**

Answer 165

which nerve has the longest intraosseus course of all the cranial nerves? - trochlea * *- facial** - vestibulocochlear nerve - vagus - glossopharyngeal

Answer 166

which artery provides blood to the pons? PICA AICA superior cerebllar artery **pons** posterior cerebral artery

Answer 167

which part of the eye makes aqueous humour? iris choroid cornea **ciliary body** lens

Answer 168

which of the following is carotid division of anterior triangle? A **B** C D

Answer 169

which of the following best matches the afferent and efferent CNs for pupillary light reflex? * *1. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 3** 2. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 4 3. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 3 4. afferent = CN 5, efferent = CN 7 5. afferent = CN 2, efferent = CN 7

Answer 170

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion? 1 2 3 **4** 5

Answer 171

* **Prostaglandin analogs** increase outflow of aqueous humor through canal of Schlemm * **Beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists** decrease aqueous humor production * **Alpha2-adrenergic agonists** work by a dual mechanism, decreasing aqueous production and increasing outflow. * **Parasympathomimetic agonists** and anticholinesterases work by contraction of the ciliary muscle, which opens the canal. * **Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors** lower secretion of aqueous humor by inhibiting carbonic anhydrase in the ciliary body.

Answer 172

which of the following is the cornea? **A** B C D E F

Answer 173

which neck triangle would you find the glossopharyngeal nerve? Submandibular/digastric **carotid triangle** muscular submental

Answer 174

which spinal tract carries temp Cortiocspinal DCML **Spinothalamic** Spinocerebellar

Answer 175

•Is inhibited by growth hormone inhibiting hormone = **somatostatin**.

Answer 176

which of the following decussates in the pyramids ? Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Spinocerebellar **Cortiocospinal** Spinothalamic

Answer 177

which of the following causes crude, stereotyped movements of limbs (stepping)? corticospinal tract anterior spinocerebellar tract posterior spinocerebellar tract lateral reticulospinal tract **medial reticulospinal tract**

Answer 178

which CNs pass through the cavernous sinus? [3] **CN III, CN IV & CN V (V1, V2)**

Answer 179

Which functional division of the nervous system would be responsible for the physiological changes seen during exercise (e.g., increased heart rate and sweating)? Somatic Central **Autonomic** Enteric

Answer 180

which of the following is neurapraxia **A** B C

Answer 181

which sinus is this? Superior sagital sinus **Inferior sagital sinus** Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses Transverse sinuses Sigmoid sinuses

Answer 182

what is A? **oligodendrocytes** ependymal astrocytes microglial schwann

Answer 183

which of the following helps to form BBB? **perineurium:** endosteum periosteal endoneurium: epineurium:

Answer 184

what of the basal ganglia are damaged in parkinsons? - caudate - putamen - globus pallidus * *- substantia nigra** - subthalamic nuclei

Answer 185

which of the following is the uvea? A B C D **E** F

Answer 186

Imaging demonstrates infarction of the ventral spinal cord betwen T10 and L2 due a clot in a large, left sided segmental medullary artery at T10. What is the name of this artery? This artery is commonly known as the **artery of Adamkiewicz**. It is the largest and most important segmental medullary artery and is responsible for most of the arterial supply to the lower thoracic and lumbar spine. Damage to this artery therefore can cause catastrophic neurological sequelae.

Answer 187

which CN carriers sensory innervation to the face? **trigeminal nerve** facial nerve vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 188

in which if the folllowing is grey matter in the brain grey and white matter is dark? CT **MRI T2** PET Ultrasound MRI T1

Answer 189

A 59-year-old male presents with a headache of sudden onset, describing it as 'the worst pain in his life'. He has a past medical history of hypertension and type 2 diabetes. He has a 20 year pack history of smoking, and consumes 16 units of alcohol a week. A head CT scan shows evidence of a bleed. The bleed has occurred below a layer of the meninges designed to protect the brain and spinal cord from impact. Which part of the meninges is this referring to? **Arachnoid mater** Dura mater Dural venous sinus Occipital bone Pia mater

Answer 190

6. Schizophrenia occurs because of an excess of which neurotransmitter? * *Dopamine** 7. Name 2 side effects of antipsychotics * *Extrapyramidal effects – acute dystonia, parkinsonism's, tardive dyskinesia. Hyperprolactinaemia**

Answer 191

which motor neuron activates intrafusal muscle fibres? alpha motor neuron beta motor neuron delta motor neuron **gamma motor neuron**

Answer 192

which bone does the levator palpebrae superioris originate from? ethmoid frontal **sphenoid** maxillar lacrimal

Answer 193

which neurotransmitter is associated with photorecption? glycine dopamine seratonin **glutamate** NO

Answer 194

which of the following induces targers to produce insulin-like growth factors? Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PL) Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) **Growth hormone (GH)**

Answer 195

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion? 1 **2** 3 4 5

Answer 196

what is this? **bitemporal hemianopia** left homonymous hemianopia left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing left temporal hemianopia

Answer 197

what signs would you expect? bitemporal hemianopia opthalmoplegia facial paraylsis, vertigo and hearing loss dysphagia

Answer 198

which of the following is the posterior longitudinal ligament? **A** B C D E F

Answer 199

which of the following are used for general sensory afferents? Aα **Aβ** Aγ Aδ C

Answer 200

which of the following is activated by descending input from motor cortex alpha motor neuron beta motor neuron delta motor neuron **gamma motor neuron**

Answer 201

which of the following hormones is the hunger hormone? leptin insulin ghrelin neuropeptide Y CCK

Answer 202

which of the following is formed from basilar artery: anterior spinal artery middle cerebral artery **posterior cerebral artery** posterior inferior cerebellar artery anterior cerebral artery

Answer 203

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level? noradrenaline ACh **serotonin** dopamine adrenaline

Answer 204

which of the following provide phagocytic properties in CNS oligodendrocytes ependymal astrocytes **microglial** schwann

Answer 205

which spinal tract carries the concious proprioception Cortiocspinal **DCML** Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar

Answer 206

which part of the brainstem in this? - midbrain - pons - open medulla * *- closed medulla**

Answer 207

which part of the eye is the light sensing organ / contains photoreceptors? choroid uvea **retina** sclera iris

Answer 208

In which space is a lumbar puncture performed? Subdural space Epidural space **Subarachnoid space** Extradural space Intraventricular space

Answer 209

Which muscle is not innervated by the trigeminal nerve? Medial pterygoid Mylohyoid **Stylohyoid: facial nerve** Masseter Temporalis

Answer 210

An elderly man has a cervical disc prolapse in his spine which causes an injury to the spinal cord where the disc pressed against it. Based on the anatomy of the spinal cord; which of the following cell groups and their associated function is most likely to be affected at the level of injury? Dorsal horn cells & motor defect Dorsal horn cells & sensory defect Intermediate horn cells and an autonomic defect **Ventral horn cells & motor defect** Ventral horn cells & sensory defect

Answer 211

which of the following covers the posterior fossa structures (hindbrain) and supports the temporal and occipital lobes. falx cerebri **tentorium cerebelli** tentorial notch falx cerebelli infundibulum

Answer 212

the uncus is an postieorly located lobe located in which part of the brain? temporal parietal cerebellum occipital **temporal**

Answer 213

what is this? bitemporal hemianopia left homonymous hemianopia **left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing** left temporal hemianopia

Answer 214

**primary motor cortex**

Answer 215

all of the foramina of the base of the skull are located in the sphenoid apart from ? [3] **jugular foramen: temporal bone foramen magnum: occipital bone stylomastoid foramen: temporal bone**

Answer 216

Superior rectus: **elevation, adduction and intorsion** Inferior rectus: **depression, adduction and extorsion** Superior oblique: **Depression, abduction and intorsion** Inferior oblique: **Elevation, abduction and extorsion** The action of the medial and lateral recti is straightforward: medial rectus adducts the globe (eyeball) and lateral rectus abducts the globe, without elevation or depression. The superior and inferior recti act to elevate and depress the globe respectively. However as the orientation of the muscle is not inline with the angle of the orbit, the recti muscles also create secondary actions.

Answer 217

which spinal tract is the descending spinal tract? spinocerebellar spinothalamic gracile fasciculus cuneate fasciculus **corticospinal**

Answer 218

which of the following cause eye abduction? superior rectus inferior olbique medial rectus **lateral rectus** superior oblique

Answer 219

which of the following used mechanical vibration as its mode of operation? a) outer ear * *b) middle ear** c) inner ear d) central auditory nS

Answer 220

which of the following is caused by action of the arteynoid muscles? normal respiration deep respiration **phonation** whispering

Answer 221

Which of the following is the carotid canal? A B C D E **F** G

Answer 222

where does the brainstem start? C1 **C2** C3 C4 C5 which structure does it start before? [1] **foramen magnun**

Answer 223

which of the following helps to form BBB? **perineurium** endosteum periosteal endoneurium epineurium

Answer 224

which of the following are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings that respond to light touch Ruffini endings Pacinian corpuscles Meissner’s corpuscles **Merkel’s disk**

Answer 225

which of the following used electricochemical as its mode of operation? a) outer ear b) middle ear c) inner ear * *d) central auditory nS**

Answer 226

which of the following regulates metabolism and the stress response? **Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH): releases cortisol** Prolactin (PL) Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 227

which of the following is involved in eye movements and visual processing? A **B: superior colliculi** C D E

Answer 228

which part of the brain is involved in vision and colour perception? occipital lobe frontal lobe **temporal lobe** parietal lobe cerebellum

Answer 229

closed angle glaucoma is caused by the reduction in angle between which of the following? cornea and uvea **cornea and iris** cornea and ciliary body cornea and retina cornea and sclera

Answer 230

external jugular vein can be used to estimate pressure in: left atrium **right atrium** left ventricle right ventricle aorta ## Footnote **Can be used to estimate pressure in the right atrium which is similar to the Central venous pressure.**

Answer 231

A 35-year-old woman with myasthenia gravis attends her GP complaining of a change in her vision. She reports that she has begun to see two versions of single objects side by side and that this is now affecting her coordination. On neurological examination, the doctor notes impaired lateral movement of the right eye. What structure does the most likely affected nerve pass through? Cribiform plate Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Optic canal **Superior orbital fissure:** ## Footnote **Abducens nerve passes through the superior orbital fissure**

Answer 232

which bone does the pituitary gland sit in ? - temporal - zygomatic * *- sphenoid** - frontal - vomer

Answer 233

which part of brainstem does vestibulocholear nerve (CNVIII) come from? midbrain **pons** medulla

Answer 234

A: **temporal** B: **sphenoid** C: **ethmoid** D: **occipital bone** E: **temporal bone**

Answer 235

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating attention (direction of conciousness)? **noradrenaline** ACh serotonin dopamine adrenaline

Answer 236

A 25-year-old woman is noted to have an absent corneal reflex during a cranial nerve examination. The neurologist examining her suspects a lesion affecting the afferent or efferent limb of this reflex. What two cranial nerves should be suspected? Oculomotor and facial nerve Oculomotor and trigeminal nerve Optic and facial nerve Optic and trochlear nerve **Trigeminal and facial nerve Afferent = Arriving (CN V) Efferent = Exiting (CN VII)**

Answer 237

Which of the following cranial venous sinuses is unpaired? Transverse sinus **Superior sagittal sinus** Cavernous sinus Sigmoid sinus Inferior petrosal sinus

Answer 238

which artery provides blood to the dorsal medullar of midbrain? **PICA** AICA superior cerebllar artery pons posterior cerebral artery

Answer 239

which type of imaging is this? CT venogram PET scan CT angiography **CT perfusion** MRI

Answer 240

**area 17**

Answer 241

which bone houses the middle and internal ear? parietal **temporal** sphenoidal lacrimal ethmoid

Answer 242

which of the following synapses with second order neuron at the dorsal root ganglion? Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Anterior Spinocerebellar Posterior Spinocerebellar Cortiocospinal **Spinothalamic**

Answer 243

which of the following stimulates production of spem and eggs Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PL) Lutenising hormone (LH) **Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)** Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 244

which part of the eye contains smooth muscle bundles which shapes the lens? iris choroid cornea **ciliary body** lens

Answer 245

which of the following applies to glycine? * *- neurotransmitters only: inhib** - neuromodulator only - neurotrophic factor only - neurotransmitters & neuromodulator - neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor

Answer 246

which of the following describes the subunits of Ach receptor? α1βγð **α₂βγð** α3βγð αβ₂γð αβ3γð

Answer 247

which of the following is released by Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone (CRH) **Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)** Prolactin (PL) Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 248

which part of the brain is involved in vision and colour perception? **occipital lobe** frontal lobe temporal lobe parietal lobe cerebellum

Answer 249

which of the following is the choroid? A B C **D** E F

Answer 250

which of the following is the ciliary arteries? A **B** C D

Answer 251

which of the following causes atonia when sleeping? corticospinal tract anterior spinocerebellar tract posterior spinocerebellar tract **lateral reticulospinal tract** medial reticulospinal tract

Answer 252

which of the following is involved in startle reflex? - superior colliculi **- inferior colliculi : integrate sound with look to see whats causing that sound** - cerebral peduncles - pineal gland

Answer 253

which structure seperates the cerebrum from the cerebellum? falx cerebri **tentorium cerebelli** anterior cranial fossa brainstem corpus callosum

Answer 254

the central sulcus disects which lobes of the brain? frontal lobe from the temporal lobe **frontal lobe from the parietal lobe** frontal lobe from the occipital lobe frontal lobe from cerebellum parietal lobe from temporal lobe

Answer 255

in which if the folllowing is grey matter in the brain grey and white matter is white? CT MRI T2 PET Ultrasound **MRI T1**

Answer 256

which of the following is the third ventricle? A B **C** D E

Answer 257

cerebellum sits posteriorly to: midbrain medulla thalamus **pons** corpus callosum

Answer 258

which of the following is Pacinian corpsucle? **_A_** B C D E

Answer 259

which of the following line the ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord oligodendrocytes **ependymal** astrocytes microglial schwann

Answer 260

which of the following is the ciliary body? A B **C** D E F

Answer 261

which of the following supplies the corpus callosum? middle cerebral artery **anterior cerebral artery** posterior communicating artery menigeal branch opthalmic artery

Answer 262

which of the following is produced by adipose tissue? insulin ghrelin **leptin** GLP-1 CCK

Answer 263

convergence is mediated by which CN nerve? optic nerve **oculomotor nerve** trochlea nerve abducens nerve

Answer 264

which of the following undergoes double decussation? Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus **Anterior Spinocerebellar** Posterior Spinocerebellar Cortiocospinal Spinothalamic

Answer 265

what is E? middle cerebral artery **basilar artery** posterior cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery internal carotid artery

Answer 266

which is the inner most layer of the eye? cornea lens fovea **retina** iris

Answer 267

scala vestibuli: **low K+, high Na - perilymphatic fluid** scala media: **high K+, low Na - endolymph** scala tympani **low K+, high Na - perilymphatic fluid**

Answer 268

which of the following is the hypothalamus? A B C **D** E

Answer 269

1. **loss of pain and temperatur**e on **right side of body below lesion** (spinothalamic decussates at level of spinal cord entry) 2. **loss** of **motor** **movement** on **same side as lesion** (corticospinal goes down ipsilateral side) 3. **loss of proprioception and vibration** sense on the **same side from damage** (DCML has already decussated)

Answer 270

where is the fracture? base of skull **C1 C2** C3 C4 **There is a fracture through the right anterior arch of C1 (B) seen on the coronal view. We can also see a fracture through the dens (D), which is the most common type of fracture of the cervical spine. It is angled posteriorly, which is common after hyperextension injury.**

Answer 271

What is E? oculomotor nerve **optic nerve** olfactory nerve trochlear nerve optic tract

Answer 272

purkinje cells

Answer 273

which part of the brain is involved in body temp and digestion? occipital lobe frontal lobe **brain stem** parietal lobe cerebellum

Answer 274

what is C? middle cerebral artery basilar artery posterior cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery **internal carotid artery**

Answer 275

what is B? **middle cerebral artery** basilar artery posterior cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery internal carotid artery

Answer 276

vagus nerve provides which types of innervation? - sensory only - parasympathetic and special sensory * *- parasympathetic and sensory and motor** - sympathetic and sensory - sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic

Answer 277

which of the following disease is characterised by decreased release of dopamine? **parkinsons** schizophrenia depression anxiety bipolar

Answer 278

which spinal tract carries pain Cortiocspinal DCML **Spinothalamic** Spinocerebellar

Answer 279

which part of the eye contrains pigment epithelial cells which prevent light scattering and reflection & sits inbetween the sclera and the retina? iris **choroid** cornea uvea lens

Answer 280

which of the following is the sigmoid sinus? A B C D **E**

Answer 281

what is this? **bitemporal hemianopia** left homonymous hemianopia left homonymous hemianopia with macula sparing left temporal hemianopia

Answer 282

which part of the brain does the corticospianl tract start in ? cerebellum temporal midbrain occipital **frontal: from primary motor cortex**

Answer 283

glossopharnygeal nerve provides which types of innervation? - sensory only - parasympathetic and special sensory - parasympathetic and sensory and motor - sympathetic and sensory * *- sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic**

Answer 284

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for unconcious proprioception? **spinocerebellar** spinothalamic gracile fasciculus cuneate fasciculus corticospinal

Answer 285

A 63-year-old male presents to the head and neck clinic for his follow up appointment after recent surgery to remove a tumour from his mouth. He says he has been experiencing numbness and tingling in the floor of his mouth since his operation. You suspect the sensory nerve to the floor of his mouth may have been damaged. Which nerve is this most likely to be? Mandibular nerve **Lingual nerve** Greater auricular nerve Hypoglossal nerve Facial nerve

Answer 286

A 55-year-old man visits the doctor, expressing difficulties when smiling and frowning. The patient has a family history of brain tumours, so the doctor decides to conduct an MRI scan. If a tumour was found, around which foramen of the skull would you expect to locate it? Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Hypoglossal canal **Internal acoustic meatus - facial nerve passes through here** Jugular Foramen

Answer 287

myelin **node of ranvier** dendrite schwann cell

Answer 288

which of the following would you use to assess subdural haemorrhage? CT venogram **plain CT head** CT angiography CT perfusion MRI

Answer 289

which of the following regulates circadian rthym? A B **C** D E

Answer 290

which spinal tract carries discriminative touch Cortiocspinal **DCML** Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar

Answer 291

which part of brain is the thalamus found on either side of? lateral ventricles corpus callosum **third ventricle** fourth ventricle cerebal aquaduct

Answer 292

which level of the brainstaim did you find substantia nigra? **midbrain** medulla cerebral aquaduct pons corpus callosum

Answer 293

An 82-year-old patient has come to see his GP with episodes of lightheadedness and syncope. He has noticed these episodes seem to be triggered by shaving or wearing a shirt with a collar. He also reports some change to his sense of taste. The doctor feels the patient’s carotid pulse while auscultating his heart and this triggers one of their lightheaded episodes. A set of observations taken immediately are: Heart rate: 36 bpm Blood pressure: 60/42 mmHg Sats: 96% Temperature: 36.7ºC The GP suspects carotid sinus syndrome. What cranial nerve is responsible for the hypersensitive response in this scenario? Trigeminal Facial **Glossopharyngeal** Vagus Hypoglossal

Answer 294

Which of the following does the mandibular branch of trigeminal nerve leave the craniun? A B C **D: foramen ovale** E F G

Answer 295

Which of the following is C? Pons Medulla **Cerebral aquaduct** Fourth ventricle Midbrain

Answer 296

Which of the following is E? Pons **Medulla** Cerebral aquaduct Fourth ventricle Midbrain

Answer 297

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating motivation and motor activity? noradrenaline ACh serotonin **dopamine** adrenaline

Answer 298

which spinal tract carries unconcious proprioception Cortiocspinal DCML Spinothalamic **Spinocerebellar**

Answer 299

what is indicated by the green image? - third ventricle - fourth ventricle * *- thalamus** - corpus callosum - lateral ventricles

Answer 300

which anterior pituitary hormone is inhibited by its hypothalamic releasing hormone? Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) **Prolactin (PL): inhibited by prolactin inhbiting factor (e.g. dopamine)** Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 301

1. Which neurotransmitter is associated with Parkinson’s? * *Dopamine** 2. What are the 3 main motor symptoms of Parkinson's disease? * *Resting Tremor, Bradykinesia, Rigidity** 3. Which area of the brain degenerates in Parkinson’s * *substantia nigra pars compacta** 4. Treatments of Parkinson’s? * *L-dopa + Dopa decarboxylase inhibitor or dopamine agonist**

Answer 302

the lower limb somatosensory and motor cortices are provided by which artery? ICA MCA **ACA** Basilar A PCA

Answer 303

which of the following is the medulla pyramids? A B **C** D E

Answer 304

what type of imaging is this? CT venogram PET scan CT angiography CT perfusion **MRI**

Answer 305

which of the following is the central retinal artery? **A** B C D

Answer 306

which region of the brain has the most rapid growth and development? medulla oblongata pons midbrain **telencephalon** diecaphalon

Answer 307

- what is the afferent CN: **CN II** - what is the efferent CN: **CN III** - light shines in (through retina) - splits at optic chiasm to L&R - goes to Endinger-Westphal nucleus (part of III) - CN III --\> cillary ganglion: closes iris both pupils constrict !!

Answer 308

the superior oblique assists which muscle in depressing the pupil? superior rectus medial rectus lateral rectus inferior oblique **inferior rectus**

Answer 309

which of the following best describes the innervation provided by greater petrosal: - sensory only - sympathetic only * *- parasympathetic only** - parasympathetic and sensory - sympathetic and sensory **The greater petrosal nerve (or greater superficial petrosal nerve) is a nerve in the skull that branches from the facial nerve; it forms part of a chain of nerves that innervate the lacrimal gland.**

Answer 310

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating selection of object of attention, based upon goals? noradrenaline **ACh** serotonin dopamine adrenaline

Answer 311

explain the pupillary light reflex x - what is the afferent CN: **CN II** - what is the efferent CN: **CN III** - light shines in (through retina) - splits at optic chiasm to L&R - goes to Endinger-Westphal nucleus (part of III) - CN III --\> cillary ganglion: closes iris **both pupils constrict !!**

Answer 312

Through which foramen do the internal carotid arteries (ICA) enter the skull? Foramen lacerum **Carotid canal** Foramen rotundum foramen magnum jugular foramen

Answer 313

where do you find the spinothalamic tract pons midbrain **medulla**

Answer 314

which part of the brain has the motor cotex / somatic motor association area? occipital lobe **frontal lobe** brain stem parietal lobe cerebellum

Answer 315

which of the following is the inferior sagittal sinus? A **B** C D E

Answer 316

Which of the following extrinsic muscles of the tongue is not innervated by the hypoglossal nerve? Styloglossus Hyoglossus Genioglossus **Palatoglossus: VN instead**

Answer 317

which of the following disease is characterised by increased release of dopamine? parkinsons **schizophrenia** depression anxiety bipolar

Answer 318

which sinus is this? Superior sagital sinus Inferior sagital sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses **Transverse sinuses (right)** Sigmoid sinuses

Answer 319

which of the following is attaches to the eyeball anterior to the eyeball equator? **superior rectus** inferior olbique medial rectus lateral rectus superior oblique what movement does this cause when contract? [1] **elevation and intorsion**

Answer 320

which artery is highlighted in green? anterior cerebral artery middle cerebral artery posterior communicating arteries **anterior communicating arteries** basilar artery **which two arteries does it connect? [1]** anterior cerebal arteries

Answer 321

which of the following shows where decussation occurs? A B C D **E**

Answer 322

A 19-year-old female is admitted with suspected meningitis. The House Officer is due to perform a lumbar puncture. What is the most likely structure first encountered when the needle is inserted? Ligamentum flavum Denticulate ligament Dural sheath Pia mater **Supraspinous ligament**

Answer 323

what structure is this? pons **medulla oblongata** brainstem hypothalamus fasciculus gracilis

Answer 324

which CN causes the secretion of lacrimal gland? optic nerve trigeminal nerve oculomotor nerve **facial nerve** vagus nerve

Answer 325

middle cerebral artery goes between which two brain lobes to get to lateral wall? **temporal & parietal** temporal and occiptal temporal and frontal parietal and occipital occipital and cerebellum

Answer 326

Which of the following is the foramen lacerum? A B C D E F **G**

Answer 327

maxillary sinus drains into: - superior meatus * *- middle meatus** - inferior meatus - ethmoid sinus - inferior cochae

Answer 328

how do you clinically test the superior and inferior rectus? [1] **abduct the eye** (do this to isolate the muscle so that the eye is aligned with the angle of the muscle pull) how do you clinically test the superior and inferior olbique? [1] **adduct the eye** how do you clinically test the medial / lateral rectus? [1] **abduct / adduct the eye**

Answer 329

A 78-year-old man presents to the GP with a feeling of gastric fullness. He has a history of a previous vagotomy for peptic ulcer disease. Through which foramina in the skull does this nerve pass through? Hypoglossal Internal acoustic meatus Foramen ovale **Jugulae foramen** Foramen magnum

Answer 330

A 43-year-old lady underwent an attempted placement of a central line into the internal jugular vein. Unfortunately, the doctor damaged the carotid artery and this necessitated surgical exploration. As the surgeons incise the carotid sheath a nerve is identified lying between the internal jugular vein and the carotid artery. Which one of the following is this nerve most likely to be? Glossopharnygeal nerve hypoglossal nerve superior larnygneal nerve Recurrent laryngeal nerve **Vagus nerve**

Answer 331

damage to which cranial nerve causes this? optic nerve **oculuomotor nerve - innervates the levator palpabrae superioris** vagus nerve facial nerve trigeminal nerve

Answer 332

which of the following is the interspinous ligament? A B C D **E** F

Answer 333

Which of the following is B? **Pons** Medulla Cerebral aquaduct Fourth ventricle Midbrain

Answer 334

which of the following supplies the basal ganglia & lateral 2/3rd of the cortex? **middle cerebral artery** anterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery menigeal branch opthalmic artery

Answer 335

which of the following used air vibration as its mode of operation? * *a) outer ear** b) middle ear c) inner ear d) central auditory nS

Answer 336

which of the following detects changes in osmolality? median eminence posterior pituitary subcommissural organ pineal gland **subfornical organ**

Answer 337

which part of cerebellum causes balance & posture and co-ordinates eye and head movements * *a) vestibulo-cerebellum** b) spino-cerebellum c) cerebro-cerebellum

Answer 338

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating selection of object of attention, based upon goals? noradrenaline **ACh** serotonin dopamine adrenaline

Answer 339

hypoglossal nerve provides which types of innervation? * *- motor only** - parasympathetic and special sensory - parasympathetic and sensory and motor - sympathetic and sensory - sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic

Answer 340

which are the two main inhib NTs of CNS? - which one is dom in brain: **GABA** - which one is dom in spinal cord: **glycine**

Answer 341

which part of the brain has the satiety centre? thalamus pituitary gland cerebellum **hypothalamus** medulla

Answer 342

which of the following is submandibular / digastric division of anterior triangle? **A** B C D

Answer 343

which of the following applies to adrenaline? - neurotransmitters only * *- neuromodulator only** - neurotrophic factor only - neurotransmitters & neuromodulator - neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor

Answer 344

which of the following is best described as 'a complete transection of a peripheral nerve.' neurapraxia axonotmesis **neurotmesis**

Answer 345

tumours in which space raise intercranial pressure and may cause herniation of the temporal lobe (uncus)? falx cerebri **tentorium cerebelli** tentorial notch falx cerebelli infundibulum

Answer 346

which of the following is Meissner corpuscle A B C D **E**

Answer 347

which of the following regulates metabolism Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PL) Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) **Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)**

Answer 348

which CN spans all of the brainstem? [1] **facial nerve!!**

Answer 349

You are examining a 79-year-old woman who presented last night with stroke-like symptoms. She has suspected lateral medullary syndrome. On examination, she has loss of taste in the posterior third of her tongue and an absent gag reflex. What structure does the likely affected cranial nerve pass through? Foramen ovale Foremane rotundum Hypoglossal canal Internal auditory meatus **Jugular forman:** CNIX passses through here

Answer 350

neck: **tectospinal tract** eyes: **superior colliculi connecting to medial longitudinal fasciculi**

Answer 351

which of the following is the straight sinus? A B **C** D E

Answer 352

which of the following is the opthalmalic artery? A B **C** D

Answer 353

which of the following is a motor tract? Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus Spinocerebellar **Cortiocospinal** Spinothalamic

Answer 354

hypothalamus reticular formation

Answer 355

what type of imaging is this? CT **MRI T2** PET Ultrasound MRI T1

Answer 356

broca and wernickes areas are supplied by which artery? [1] interal carotid artery basilar artery pontine arteries **middle cerebral artery** PICA

Answer 357

diencaphalon: **thalamus epithalamus hypothalamus**

Answer 358

which of the following best describes the innervation provided by chorda tympani: - sensory only - sympathetic only - parasympathetic only * *- parasympathetic and sensory** - sympathetic and sensory - special sensory innervation to anterior 2/3rd of tongue; - parasympathetic innervation to sublingual and submandibular glands

Answer 359

which artery provides blood to the pons? PICA AICA superior cerebllar artery **pons** posterior cerebral artery

Answer 360

which are the roots of the cervical plexus? C1-C2 C1-C3 **C1-C4** C1-C5 C1-C6

Answer 361

which of the following are used for fast pain from skin, muscle and joints? Aα Aβ Aγ **Aδ** C

Answer 362

which of the following causes depression and extortion of eye? superior rectus **inferior rectus** medial rectus lateral rectus which other muscle causes the same movement? [1] **superior oblique**

Answer 363

which is the largest dural fold (septa)? **falx cerebri** tentorium cerebelli tentorial notch falx cerebelli infundibulum

Answer 364

which of the following is a gap through which the brainstem and blood vessels pass to enter the middle cranial fossa? falx cerebri tentorium cerebelli **tentorial notch** falx cerebelli infundibulum

Answer 365

A: **maxillary sinus** B: **middle conchae** C: **maxilla** D: **frontal bone** E: **ethmoid sinus**

Answer 366

which is the only CN to leave from posterior / dorsal side of brainstem? - vagus nerve - adbucens nerve * *- trochlear nerve** - vestibulocochlear nerve - hypoglossal nerve

Answer 367

what type of imaging is this? CT **MRI T2** PET Ultrasound MRI T1

Answer 368

what is highlighted here? dorsal root ganglion sympathetic ganglia ventral root **dorsal rootlet** spinal nerve

Answer 369

A young man is hit on the side of the head with a baseball bat. The CT head scan reveals an extradural haematoma. Through which foramen does the most likely injured artery enter the skull? Superior orbital fissure **Foramen spinosum** Foramen ovale Foramen rotundum Carotid canal

Answer 370

which type of MRI imagining would you use to detect changes at the edge of hemispheres / near to CSF? T1 MRI T2 MRI Fat supression **Fluid attenutation** diffusion weighted imaging

Answer 371

A 70-year-old man with a history of a basal skull tumour presents to GP complaining of loss of taste towards the posterior third of his tongue, which has progressed over 4 weeks. Damage to which cranial nerve is most likely responsible for this presentation? Facial **Glossopharnygeal** Hypoglossal Olfactory Vagus

Answer 372

which level of the brainstaim did you find cerebral aquaduct? **midbrain** medulla thalamus pons corpus callosum

Answer 373

which of the following provides innervation to the parotid gland/ **glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)** vagus nerve (CN X) spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) hypoglossal nerve (CN XII)

Answer 374

which of the following is the interventricular foramen? A **B** C D E

Answer 375

CN III CN IV CN V1 CN V2 CN VI (more medial)

Answer 376

A 38-year-old female presents to the GP with a facial droop. Sher is diagnosed with a facial nerve palsy. The GP knows that this nerve has a motor, sensory and autonomic function and thus examines her for any loss of these. To which glands does this nerve provide autonomic stimulation? Parotid **Lacrimal, submandibular and sublingual** Parotid, lacrimal and submandiublar Submandibular and sublingual Parotid and lacrimal

Answer 377

which of the following transmits motor signals? spinothalamic tract dorsal column medial lemniscus tract **corticospinal tract** spinocerebllar tract

Answer 378

the uncus is an postieorly located lobe located in which part of the brain? temporal parietal cerebellum occipital **temporal**

Answer 379

*Acceptable responses:* head tilt, when tilting you head, tilting your head to one side

Answer 380

which artery supplies the spinal tract of coritcospinal? **anterior spinal artery** posterior spinal artery

Answer 381

which CN regulates accomodation of lens? optic nerve **oculomotor nerve** vagus nerve facial nerve trigeminal nerve

Answer 382

which of the following types of myelination would cause slow pain from the skin or act as thermoreceptors? Aα Aβ Aγ Aδ **C**

Answer 383

which of the following is axonotmesis? A **B** C

Answer 384

**silver staining !**

Answer 385

which of the following is released gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) [2] Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) Prolactin (PL) **Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)** Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Growth hormone (GH)

Answer 386

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating attention (direction of conciousness)? **noradrenaline** ACh serotonin dopamine adrenaline

Answer 387

which part of the ear divides the outer ear with inner ear? - eustachian tube? - cochlea - round window **- tympanic membrane** - malleus

Answer 388

used to quickly screen for evidence of **sensory ataxia** (i.e. non-cerebellar causes of balance issues). **Romberg’s test** is based on the premise that a patient requires at least two of the following three senses to maintain balance whilst standing **Proprioception**: the awareness of one’s body position in space. **Vestibular function**: the ability to know one’s head position in space. **Vision**: the ability to see one’s position in space.

Answer 389

A 22-year-old man is undergoing a wedge excision of his great toenail. As the surgeon passes a needle into the area to administer local anaesthetic, the patient notices a sharp pain. By which pathway will this sensation be conveyed to the central nervous system? Anterior corticospinal tract Posterior cortiocspinal tract Cuneate fasciculus Vestibulospinal tract **Spinothalamic tract: Spinothalamic tract- Pain and temperature**

Answer 390

which of the following anastamoses with the MCA? middle cerebral artery **anterior cerebral artery** posterior communicating artery menigeal branch opthalmic artery

Answer 391

which of the following facilitates y-motor neurons of extenors of body? corticospinal tract anterior spinocerebellar tract posterior spinocerebellar tract lateral reticulospinal tract **medial reticulospinal tract**

Answer 392

Through which foramen do the vertebral arteries enter the skull? Foramen lacerum Carotid canal Foramen rotundum **foramen magnum** jugular foramen

Answer 393

Despina is experiencing a hoarse voice, which cranial nerve is likely affected? Trigeminal (V) **Vagus (X)** Facial (VII) Hypoglossal (XII)

Answer 394

which of the following is best described as 'tempory blockage of motor and sensory nerve conduction, reversible' **neurapraxia** axonotmesis neurotmesis

Answer 395

A 56-year-old man is undergoing a carotid endarterectomy. The internal carotid artery is mobilised. How many branches does this vessel give off in the neck? **0** 1 2 3 4 6

Answer 396

A: **optic canal** B: **foramen rotundum** C: **foramen ovale** D: **foramen spinosum**

Answer 397

the part of the brain that detects thirst is close to corpus callosum lateral ventricles **third ventricles: OVLT & subfornical glands are located near** fourth ventricles cerebral aqauduct

Answer 398

which part of the neuron collects information? **dendrite** cell body axon axon terminal

Answer 399

Which of the following does the maxillary branch leave the craniun? A B **C: foramen rotundum,** D E F G

Answer 400

which of the following regulates circadian rthym? **A** B C D E

Answer 401

which of the following is the anterior longitudinal ligament? A **B** C D E F

Answer 402

what is B? infundibulum falx cerebri **tentorium cerebelli** tentorial notch falx cerebelli

Answer 403

which of the following applies to GABA? - neurotransmitters only - neuromodulator only - neurotrophic factor only * *- neurotransmitters & neuromodulator** - neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor

Answer 404

which of the following connects to the superior colliculi ? **medial longitudinal fasciculi** lateral geniculate pathway tectonate pathway meyers loop optic nerve

Answer 405

An 88-year-old diabetic woman with known vascular dementia is telling her carers she cannot feel the left hand side of her body. Her cranial nerve examination is unremarkable. Upon neurological examination of her upper limbs and lower limbs there is a dense sensory loss to light touch, vibration and pain on the right. Moreover, she cannot detect temperature change and her joint position sense is impaired on the right. A CT head scan reveals an area of infarction in the region of the lateral thalamus on the left side. Which lateral thalamic nucleus has been affected by this stroke? Lateral geniculate Medial geniculate Ventral anterior Ventral lateral **Ventral posterior Ventral posterior is correct as this thalamic nucleus is where axons from the medial lemniscus (relating sensory axons from the dorsal columns in the spinal cord to the medulla, where they decussate in form of medial lemniscus from medulla to cortex) and spinothalamic pathway project to, on their journey towards somatosensory areas of the cortex. These pathways detect light touch, proprioception, vibration and pain/temperature respectively. Hence a lack of sensation on the right side of the body with left lateral ventral posterior thalamic nuclei lesions.**

Answer 406

which of the following is a long-term appetite regulator insulin ghrelin **leptin** GLP-1 CCK

Answer 407

which cell are the arrows pointing to? oligodendrocytes ependymal astrocytes **microglial** schwann

Answer 408

which bones make up the superior wall of the eye bony orbit? [2] **frontal bone sphenoid bone which bones make up the inferior wall of the eye bony orbit? [3]** maxilla, palatine and zygomatic Medial wall: formed by the **ethmoid**, **maxilla, lacrimal and sphenoid bones.** The ethmoid bones separates the orbit from the ethmoid sinus Lateral wall: formed by the **zygomatic bon**e and **greater wing of the sphenoid.**

Answer 409

which part of the brain gives you the ability to track an object (eyes) - pineal gland * *- superior colliculi** - inferior colliculi - cerebreal peduncles - 4th ventricle

Answer 410

which of the following decussates at the medulla? **Dorsal Column Medial Lemniscus** Spinocerebellar Cortiocospinal Spinothalamic

Answer 411

Which of the following is D? Pons Medulla Cerebral aquaduct **Fourth ventricle** Midbrain

Answer 412

which bone is this? temporal ethmoid mandible maxilla **sphenoid**

Answer 413

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for light touch, consious proprioception and vibration? spinocerebellar spinothalamic **gracile fasciculus cuneate fasciculus** corticospinal

Answer 414

The majoriy of the corticospinal fibres terminate at which level? **cerivcal** thoracic lumbosacral coccygeal **Of all corticospinal fibres approximately 20% terminate at thoracic levels, 25% at lumbosacral levels and 55% at cervical levels. Many of the fibres that originate from the motor cortex then terminate in the ventral horn of the spinal cord. [4]**

Answer 415

which of the following is the buccianator? A B C **D** E F G

Answer 416

which spinal tract carries sensory crude touch Cortiocspinal DCML **Spinothalamic** Spinocerebellar

Answer 417

damage to which of the following would cause conduction aphasia *rare form of aphasia in which both expression and comprehension remain intact, but the patient shows an isolated impairment in their ability to repeat simple phrases. * angular gyrus **arcuate fasiculus - connects brocas and wernickes** broca's area wernickes area

Answer 418

which of the following would do you take an epidural from? [1] **A** B C D

Answer 419

which of the following disease is increaed release of seratonin & noradrenaline ? parkinsons schizophrenia **depression** anxiety bipolar

Answer 420

spinal accessory provides which types of innervation? * *- motor only** - parasympathetic and special sensory - parasympathetic and sensory and motor - sympathetic and sensory - sensory, motor, special sensory and parasympathetic

Answer 421

which vertebrae has the dens? C1 **C2** C3 C4 C5 what is the role of the dens? [1] **forms pivot joint with C1**

Answer 422

which neck triangle would you find the mylohyoid (floor of the mouth)? Submandibular/digastric carotid triangle muscular **submental**

Answer 423

which artery is a branch of the ICA that occurs in the cavernous sinus? middle cerebral artery anterior cerebral artery posterior communicating artery menigeal branch **opthalmic artery**

Answer 424

which of the following influences conciousness by modulating generalised arousal level? noradrenaline ACh **serotonin** dopamine adrenaline

Answer 425

Marie has a thrombus in her right middle cerebral artery, which functional areas would you expect to be affected? **Facial sensation** **Facial movements** Leg movements Leg sensation Speech production Speech comprehension The MCA provides blood supply for the somatosensory and motor cortices, but only the regions dedicated to the face and upper limb. The lower limb is supplied by the ACA. Broca and Wernicke's regions are usually located in the left cortex, and so are unlikely to be affected in this case.

Answer 426

which of the following inhibits y-motor neurons of extenors of body? corticospinal tract anterior spinocerebellar tract posterior spinocerebellar tract **lateral reticulospinal tract** medial reticulospinal tract

Answer 427

how many pairs of spinal nerves are there? 30 **31** 32 33 34

Answer 428

A 26-year-old woman presents to GP complaining that her jaw is 'wonky', which is concerning to her. She reports a history of head trauma four months ago. On inspection, her jaw deviates to the right. Damage to which cranial nerve is responsible for this sign? Left facial nerve Left trigeminal nerve Right facial nerve Right hypoglossal nerve **Right trigeminal nerve**

Answer 429

which of the following modulates posture corticospinal tract anterior spinocerebellar tract posterior spinocerebellar tract lateral reticulospinal tract **medial reticulospinal tract**

Answer 430

what is D? carotid canal optic tract **olfactory tract** optic chiasm superior sagital sinus

Answer 431

where does the eye focus in comparison to the retina with: A) myopia: **light rays focus in front of the retina** B) hyperopia: **light rays behind the retina**

Answer 432

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion? 1 2 3 4 **5**

Answer 433

which part of the brain has the somatic sensory association area / sensory cortex? occipital lobe frontal lobe brain stem **parietal lobe** cerebellum

Answer 434

which of the following applies to Ach? - neurotransmitters only - neuromodulator only - neurotrophic factor only * *- neurotransmitters & neuromodulator** - neurotransmitters, neuromodulator & neurotrophic factor

Answer 435

what is highlighted here? dorsal root ganglion **sympathetic ganglia** ventral root dorsal rootlet spinal nerve

Answer 436

A 68-year-old patient has come to your neurology clinic for a routine review a few months after being diagnosed with progressive muscular atrophy, which is a variant of motor neurone disease (MND). This variant of MND causes a lower motor neurone lesion pattern. Which of the following signs would you expect to see on examination? Hypertonia and hyperreflexia Hypertonia and hyporeflexia Hypotonia and hyperreflexia **Hypotonia and hyporreflexia: In lower motor neuron lesions everything is reduced** Normal tones and reflexes

Answer 437

What is A? - frontalis - oribuclaris oculi - oribucalris oris - occiptilas - buccinator

Answer 438

which of the following is a ruffini ending? A **B** C D E

Answer 439

which spinal tract carries sensory nerves for crude touch, pain and temp? spinocerebellar **spinothalamic** gracile fasciculus cuneate fasciculus corticospinal

Answer 440

where is cholecystokinin released from? pancreas stomach **small intestine: mucousal epithelium** bile duct oesphogus

Answer 441

which of the following is the transverse sinus? A B C **D** E

Answer 442

A 32-year-old presents to the Emergency Department via ambulance following a road traffic accident. ABCDE assessment reveals a penetrating trauma at the level of T9. After MRI spine imaging and clinical review by a neurologist, a diagnosis of left-sided Brown-Sequard syndrome is given. What pattern of symptoms is this patient likely to exhibit? Bilateral loss of motor, pain and temperature Bilateral loss of motor, with some loss of vibration and proprioception **Left-sided loss of motor, with some loss of vibration and proprioceptionl with right sided loss of pain and temperature senastion** Left sided loss of proprioception and vibration sensation Right soded loss of motor, vibration and proprioception with left sided loss of pain and temp sensation

Answer 443

Which one of the following pairings of foramina and their contents is not correct? Superior orbital fissue and oculomotor nerve Foramina rotundum and maxillary nerve **Jugular foramen and hypoglossal nerve: The hypoglossal nerve passes through the hypoglossal canal.** Foramine spinosum and middle meningeal artery Carotid canal and internal carotid artery

Answer 444

which of the following is the lacrimal artery? A B C **D**

Answer 445

which part of the ear contains the organ responsible for transducing sound energy? - eustachian tube - **cochlea: contains organ of corti** - round window - tympanic membrane - malleus

Answer 446

Which option is false in relation to the trigeminal nerve? The nerve originates at the pons **The posterior scalp is supplied by the trigeminal nerve** The maxillary nerve exits via the foramen rotundum The nerve is purely sensory The motor root is not in the trigeminal ganglion

Answer 447

which area of the brain contains most of the dopamine neurons in the brain? cerebellum temporal midbrain occipital **frontal**

Answer 448

which artery supplies the lateral aspect of the midbrain? **vertebral artery** basilar artery anterior spinal artery pontine branches PICA

Answer 449

which CN carriers motor innervation to the face? (not masitication) trigeminal nerve **facial nerve** vagus nerve hypoglossal nerve glossopharyngeal nerve

Answer 450

Which of the following doe the oculomotor, trochloea and abducens enter the eye orbit by? A **B:** **the superior orbital fissure.** C D E F G

Answer 451

which artery supplies the spinal tract of DCML? anterior spinal artery **posterior spinal artery**

Answer 452

which sinus is this? Superior sagital sinus Inferior sagital sinus Straight sinus Confluence of sinuses **Transverse sinuses (right)** Sigmoid sinuses

Answer 453

which neck triangle would you find the hypoglossal nerve **Submandibular/digastric** carotid triangle muscular submental

Answer 454

which of the following is the falx cerebri A C **C** D E

Answer 455

glossophayngeal nerve leaves skull via which foramen? catorid canal **Jugular foramen** Foramen lacerum Hypoglossal canal Foramen magnum:

Answer 456

what is B? oligodendrocytes ependymal **astrocytes** microglial schwann

Answer 457

which spinal tract carries voluntary movement **Cortiocspinal** DCML Spinothalamic Spinocerebellar

Answer 458

Where on the diagram would you find this lesion? **1** 2 3 4 5

Answer 459

which of the following cause eye adduction? superior rectus inferior olbique **medial rectus** lateral rectus superior oblique

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