BB Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to present day Flashcards

Question

second barons war 1264

Answer 1

Henry 3 gained support of the barons who did not like de montfort or the provisions of oxford and so henry wrote to the pope in 1261 to cancel the provisions and the pope agreed so henry appointed his own men to the great council and was back in charge as henry ruled as bad as ever after 3 years the barons called upon de montfort and the barons fought the king at the battle of Lewes de montfort captured the king and imprisoned his son Edward and so de montfort was now incharge

Answer 2

simon de montfort created a council of his 9 closest allies and friends he then reconfirmed the magna carta and provisions of oxford barons then began to worry that he was becoming too powerful simon then called the great council inviting rich merchants and knights (this meant he now had support of the ordinary people) and this group became known as the commons and this developed democracy as now more groups had a voice

Answer 3

It was the first time that commoners—knights and burgesses (townsmen)—were invited to Parliament alongside nobles and clergy -> first instance of in distribution of power away from the king and barons not very significant as once henry was back in power he never called another parliament however when his son, Edward I, called many parliaments and had a model parliament inspired of this which is very similar to ours with both lords and commoners however only lords could vote

Answer 4

It established the principal of representation of the common man in making decisions over the running of the country This helped inspire the Chartists who demanded the vote for all men in the 19th century Although different in many ways, the Parliament of 1265 set out the structure of Parliament that operates today by establishing the House of Commons alongside the Lords similar to how our country is run today -> with the parliament making all the decisions so it helped contribute to the monarch losing power

Answer 5

immediately limited the kings power by stopping him making any decisions without the barons however only lasted a few years before the king cancelled them so they become powerless quite quickly

Answer 6

The Provisions introduced the idea that the king should be held accountable by a council—an early step toward constitutional monarchy The conflict surrounding the Provisions helped pave the way for Simon de Montfort’s Parliament of 1265, which included commoners for the first time Similar principles appeared in later documents like the Provisions of Westminster (1259) and even the Petition of Right (1628) and Bill of Rights (1689)

Answer 7

the black death plague spread across the country and had killed a third of the population - mostly poor people this meant there was a demand for peasants to work enabling the peasants to move around to find the best work and they demanded better pay as they were in demand peasants returning from the hundred year war were forced to go back to their old lives and pay and higher taxes

Answer 8

every man and women must work for those who want them and shall only receive the same pay as before the plague this angered peasants as now they were earning much less and also were recaptured later in 1377-79 70% of the people brought infront of the justice of peace (court) were accused of breaking the statute showing it was clear the peasants were not afraid of standing up for themselves

Answer 9

due to the black death killing a third of the population - mostly poor people it meant there was a high demand for peasants and so they could demand higher wages everyone was charged poll taxes which was to fund king richard 2 hundred year war against the french by 1380 everyone over the age of 15 had to pay 4 groats per year to the king which was a 400% increase from previously

Answer 10

many priests began to preach that the church was exploiting the peasants by making them pay pardons for sins John ball, a priest said God had created everyone equally and there should be no rich or poor and he was arrested

Answer 11

Local lords and the King worried the peasants were becoming too powerful and that the feudal system would break down so passed the statute of labourers restricting the movement and wages of the peasants peasants wanted reform to reduce the influence of land owners

Answer 12

peasants refuse to pay poll tax and threaten to kill local tax collector chief justice comes to collect poll tax and is also threatened, they also find tax collectors clerks and behead them, also set fire to houses of poll tax collectors peasants march to maidstone and make Wat tyler their leader and free John Ball and storm rochester castle and burn tax records peasants reach londons city walls and richard II sails to meet them however the crowd is too rowdy peasants storm the city walls burn palaces and kill supporters of the king and only some of them are peaceful as Wat tyler ordered Tyler meets the king and outlines the peasants demands: all villeins to be made freemen, full change to the system of law, Church land to be given to the people, all bishops except one to be removed, give a royal pardon to everyone involved the king agrees and asks the peasants to go home - at the same time another group of peasants kills archbishop of canterbury the king goes back on his promise the king agrees to meet the peasants again and agrees to their demands but one of his men kills tyler and the peasants follow the king out of london and the revolt is over

Answer 13

King Richard did stop the poll tax and it was not repeated until the 20th century the peasants wages did begin to rise as there was still a lack of workers and the statute of labourers was withdrawn some peasants were able to buy their own land as there was so much free after the black death gradually peasants became more independent and within 100 years they were freemen first time ordinary people had revolted

Answer 14

Henry 8th had dissolved the monasteries to gain money and people did not like this as the monasteries provided medicine, education, food and a place to shelter so the people feared loss of support dissolution of monasteries disrupted social life by removing festivals people felt mistreated by the government henry also divorced catherine of aragon so any of her favourites fell out of favour after the divorce

Answer 15

dissolution of monasteries meant there was no support for the poor as monasteries provided food and shelter Henry also dissolved them to gain more money for himself He introduced higher taxes - Subsidy Act of 1534 poor harvests caused rising prices causing hunger and poverty

Answer 16

dissolution of monasteries meant that it was harder for people to worship and religion was highly valued Henrys break from rome -> he made himself the head of the church with the act of supremacy which many thought was illegitimate attack on traditional catholic practices - Removal of saints’ images and shrines, Ending pilgrimages, Banning some holy days and festivals formed church of england

Answer 17

Henrys government was mainly located in the south so many people in the north felt alienated many people did not like Thomas Cromwell who was Henrys advisor as he was not from a posh backround (blacksmiths son) and also people blamed him for the dissolution of monasteries and henrys divorce

Answer 18

in 1536 a rebellion broke out in Yorkshire by devout Christians who did not like the changes to the church. Their leader was Robert Aske and he was very clever as he had to clearly put a case together showing they were not against the king otherwise they would be arrested for treason. Their demands were: restore monasteries (ones in the north were much less corrupt than the southern ones), recognise the pope as the head of Church, dismiss Cromwell and other ministers who were giving the king poor advice they carried a banner showing the 5 wounds of christ showing that the uprising was about religion the pilgrims captured key locations such as Lincoln, York and Pontefract castle and had control of most of northern England and gained the support of Lord Hussey (catherine supporter) and Lord Darcy

Answer 19

religious movement that began as an attempt to reform the catholic church because of the church's wealth and influence in society was inspired by martin luther who translated the bible into German and criticised the church for selling indulgences Henry 8th supported the reformation as he saw the pope as competing for power and he wanted English people to only listen to him, he wanted a divorce from catherine of aragon but the pope wouldn't allow it, if he was in charge of the church he would not need to pay the pope taxes so with the act of supremacy (helped by Thomas Cromwell) he made himself the head of the church

Answer 20

Henry 8th wanted more money so his advisor Thomas cromwell told him to dissolve the monasteries as they had an income of £200 000 which was double Henrys the government first passed an act closing all monasteries with an annual income of under £200 Cromwell then set up Valor Ecclesiasticus which was an evaluation of monastery finances and if they were seen to be not be spending appropriately then they were shut down

Answer 21

Henry was concerned and so chose the Duke of Norfolk to go negotiate with the pilgrims as he was a catholic and a critic of Cromwell. Norfolk met the pilgrims on Doncaster bridge and he only had an army of 8000 whereas aske had 30 000 and Norfolk assured Aske he would present a list of their demands straight to Henry which were: restore monasteries (ones in the north were much less corrupt than the southern ones), recognise the pope as the head of Church, dismiss Cromwell and other ministers who were giving the king poor advice, a parliament which met in York to give the North more representation Norfolk assured them a royal pardon would be given while Aske spent Christmas with Henry Henry promised the rebels they had his support however he actually was strengthening his army in the north the rebels then acted first and attacked castles in Scarborough, Hull and Beverly which gave Henry an excuse to cancel the pardons and Norfolk travelled north and squashed the rebellion by hanging 74 members even after they surrendered

Answer 22

failed to stop the dissolution of monasteries and many larger ones were dissolved in 1539 economy improved with the money from the monasteries allowing henry to develop the navy landowners were able to buy the land from the monasteries Cromwell had Darcy, Hussey, Aske killed Henry strengthened council of the north no more rebellions took place under Henrys rule Cromwell was eventually executed

Answer 23

Charles I believed that kings derived their authority from God so should not have to justify their actions -> divine right of Kings He married a French catholic Henrietta Maria who became his closest advisor which the English protestants did not like as they were scared any potential changes to the church The church became more catholic due to changes by Archbishop William Laud who believed in a similar worship style to catholics in response some purtitan MPs (Prynne, Bastwick, Burton) wrote a pamphlet criticising the church and they were arrested and tried in the star chamber (substitute for parliament which was corrupt) and they were pilloried which caused uproar from the public Due to conflict with parliament about his advisors he simply dissolved them and ruled without it for 11 years Charles then called parliament to get money however short parliament would not give Charles any money to fight the covenanters as they were afraid he would use it to become independent so he taxed everyone with ship money in 1637 (normally only taxed to coastal towns) so people refused and one member of parliament (john Hampden) was arrested and convicted Parliament were worried that the Earl of Strafford would help Charles rule England with an Irish army

Answer 24

Scotland had its own presbyterian church (protestant) however in 1637 Charles I insisted that they use the new Laudian prayer book (catholic aspects) which caused rioting in 1638 they signed an agreement - covenant - saying they would not accept the changes and so they people who signed it became known as the Covenanters Charles sent an army to scotland in 1639 to stop the rebellion the covenanters defeated it and then invaded England causing charles to call parliament for the first time in 11 years to get money to fight the army however it was not granted unless he agreed to get rid of the Star Chamber, let parliament meet regularly, no taxes without parliaments approval and reverse Laudian reforms

Answer 25

When the earl of Stafford returned to England after previously being in Ireland to control the tension between the protestants and catholics, riots broke out and 1000s of protestants were killed by catholics. Many people thought that charles I supported the rebellion. Charles called parliament again to get money to supress the rebellion and the parliament were willing to give it however they didn't want charles as the leader so the parliament took control of the army John Pym who was a leading opponent of the King presented the Grand Remonstrance which was a list of grievances towards the King This really annoyed charles as he didn't want to be made a fool of by parliament so he raised an army and marched to parliament and arrested the Five Members who led the opposition however these men had already escaped but this just proved how far Charles would go

Answer 26

special roundhead army (parliament) trained and picked by Oliver Cromwell who was a puritan He recruited based off ability rather than privilege and disciplined them by banning drinking or swearing The army was first used in 1645 in the Battle of Naseby where with 14 000 men they outnumbered the kings 9000 and defeated them by approaching slowly instead of charging and then maneuvering behind the infantry Naseby was the end of the Kings last great army and then the NMA went on to capture Bristol and Oxford

Answer 27

Cavaliers (royalists) were wealthy land owners who did not want to lose their wealth and others who were mainly based in northern England and those who were worried about the growing influence of parliament Roundheads (parliament) were supported by the middle and peasant workers mainly based around London and southern England and were people who did not support Charles religious and political reforms

Answer 28

1647 Charles surrendered to the Scottish army which then handed him over to the new model army to go on trial for treason whilst negotiating with parliament Charles encouraged the scottish army to invade England with the promise of converting England to a Presbyterian church 1648 at the Battle of Preston the SCots fought the new model army and were defeated proving that Charles could not be trusted

Answer 29

The army of Thomas Pride (soldier who fought for the roundheads) surrounded the houses of parliament and stopped any members who were the supporters of the king entering meaning the King would face trial with no supporters (prides purge) and the remaining members formed a parliament called the Rump parliament Charles was tried for treason (only 68/135 commissioners turned up as they were scared of being punished as the King should not be arrested) and he was very unhelpful in court by not pleading at all. He was found guilty and this was justified by saying he had ill-treated parliamentary forces, the defeat of him was a sign of God's providence, people wanted an end to the taxes they had to endure and the new found freedom that ordinary people could have influence He was executed on the 30th jan 1649 and he was made to wait hours due to executioners not turning up and legislation

Answer 30

England became a republic -> rise of Oliver Cromwell first time a King had been tried and executed -> shows the king is not above the law puritanism became much more influential in English society There were increased freedoms for women including the right to publish Jewish people who had been banished since 1290 were allowed to return a new and fairer tax system was introduced people were allowed to worship however they liked

Answer 31

Limits on the power of the Monarchy -> laws were passed completely limiting the power of the King growth of Parliamentary power -> encouraged idea that power belonged to the people and helped establish the idea of a representative government decline of the divine right of kings lead to a shift in religious freedom as people were allowed to worship however they wanted and Jews were invited back Radical groups such as the Diggers and Levellers spread ideas about equality, democracy and land ownership which inspired movements such as the American and French revolution

Answer 32

England became a republic puritanism became much more influential in English society and society became much more equal and ordered There were increased freedoms for women including the right to publish Jewish people who had been banished since 1290 were allowed to return a new and fairer tax system was introduced

Answer 33

after the execution of Charles Cromwell became protectorate of England, SCotland and Ireland and turned it into a commonwealth positives of Cromwell: Won wars against the Dutch and Spanish and restored Englands reputation abroad Allowed Jews back into England for the first time since 1290 Allowed people to worship however they wanted Society became more equal and ordered because of his puritan views Navigation Act of 1651 stated that only British ships could arrive or leave England . Negatives of Cromwell: He appointed Major Generals to the 11 districts who kept a very strict control of life (even tried to ban christmas) The levellers (religious group who believed in equality) were imprisoned and their leaders were executed He laid siege to Drogheda and killed surrendering women and children to take land from catholics and give it protestants overall when he died his son took over however he resigned and Charles II was crowned and people were happy it was not until the 19th century when Britain was moving towards a democratic system were people more appreciative to Cromwell

Answer 34

americans resented paying for the British armys presence in North America to protect them from foreign powers Navigation Acts meant that the colonists could only trade with Britain not other countries Colonists disagreed with land boundaries that the British had agreed with the native americans 1765 - stamp tax meant tax had to be paid on documents such as egal papers

Answer 35

were unhappy that they were ruled from Britain but had no representatives in parliament to speak for them -> unhappy about having to pay taxes without having a say (no taxation without representation) 1770 Boston Massacre - British army shot and killed some anti-British colonists in reply to having sticks thrown at them 1773 Boston tea party - colonists poured British tea into the harbour in protest at the tea tax on the tea they were forced to buy imposed by the British 1775 Lexington incident - British soldiers were fired on by 20 000 minutemen (local farmers, clerks who had had enough of british rule) when they tried to seize some gunpowder starting the revolution

Answer 36

the decisive battle of the american revolution was at Yorktown Americans had 3000 extra men and the support of the french the French had secured the waters around Yorktown stopping the British getting support/supplies from the sea the British troops moved onto the peninsula to wait for supplies however were just cut off and forced to surrender marking the independence of America

Answer 37

set up their own system of government with a constitution, congress and president which still exists today poor people didn't get the vote even though the constitution said all men are created equal slavery still existed and native americans were discriminated against by early 20th century it had developed into the most powerful country

Answer 38

relations with France worsened due to french support of the americans Britain used Australia and New Zealand as new penal colonies India became the most important colony Britain had to deal with its growing working class population who may have liked to do a similar thing lost lots of money and troops

Answer 39

it inspired the french revolution french revolution inspired the working class to demand working rights and better representation

Answer 40

workers in new towns and cities had no political representation rotten boroughs had no one living their but still sent 2 MPs to parliament pocket boroughs were controlled by rich individuals women did not have the vote no secret ballots meant voters could be bribed or intimidated as people knew who they were voting for no standard property qualification that gave someone the right to vote meaning in some places people could vote if they had a fireplace but others had to own a house

Answer 41

60,000 workers from the manchester area went to St Peter's Field to hear Henry Hunt (radical) speak and call for a reform of parliament The local magistrate panicked when he saw the large crowd (government were worried about large crowds after the French revolution, where ordinary people violently rebelled against the rulers) and so called the local troops within 10 minutes over 600 were injured and 15 killed by the local militia this event caused the government to introduce the 6 acts stating that a meeting of any more that 50 people for radical reform was an act of treason Hunt was arrested and put into prison

Answer 42

Thomas Attwood from Birmingham formed the Birmingham Political union of the lower and middle classes of people in 1829 Attwood with 8000 others sent a petition to parliament for reform They wanted: shorter parliaments (making it harder to buy votes), end of property qualifications, votes for all men who contributed taxes the petition was rejected Renamed themselves to Birmingham political Union and vowed to cooperate with the law (making it harder for them to be banned) the BPU was copied around the country and so the government was worried when Attwood called for people to not pay their taxes

Answer 43

In 1830 the Tory party was replaced by the Whig party who was led by Earl Grey and in the same year William IV became King and both were more progressive and open to reform Earl Grey tried three times to pass laws for the reform act but the house of Lords refused to pass it as they didn't want ordinary people to have more power by being represented in parliament on the third attempt Earl Grey requested that the king appoint more lords who were whigs or sympathetic to reform which scared the Lords that they would lose power and influence so they passed the Great Reform Act Clauses: 56 very small locations lose the right to elect their own MPs 30 other smaller towns lose one MP London and other large towns gain more MPs People who earn over £150 per year can vote Voters increate from 435 000 to 642 000

Answer 44

Middle class: merchants and industrialists gained more representation rotten boroughs were removed and new towns and cities were given MPs . Lower class: most working class did not earn enough to vote no secret ballot meant that those could vote had to vote for their land/factory owner . women did not get the vote only 1 in 7 men could vote

Answer 45

began long term process of extending voting rights leading to universal suffrage which was achieved 1928 made parliament more representative of the people -> more like it is now weakened the upper class power as the power was given to the middle class -> from the land to industry inspired future reform such as the chartists, suffragettes

Answer 46

working class had supported the great reform act however it really didn't benefit them most workers in new towns/cities lived in poor conditions bad harvests in the 1830s meant many farm workers couldn't feed their families the great reform act did not give the working class the vote there was still no secret ballot skilled workers were no longer needed because of new machines in factories the poor law of 1834 sent people with financial problems to workhouses

Answer 47

originally started out as peaceful by William Lovett (from London Working Mens Association) started a campaign with the support of Thomas Attwood and the BPU The demands were: votes for all men, voting in secret, no property qualifications needed to vote, an election every year, wages for MPs, equal sized constituencies sent first petition to parliament in 1839 but it was rejected sent second petition to parliament in 1842 but it was also rejected Lovett encouraged temperance among members to show they were disciplined and deserved the vote Lovett also edited a newspaper called the Chartist

Answer 48

unemployment was higher than the national average many people starving protesters planned to release chartist leader from prison by attacking it however the authorities were ready for them and opened fire and 22 men were killed squashing the attack

Answer 49

when the 2nd petition was being sent off Feargus O'conner became the undisputed leader of the movement and called for violent actions to pressure the government to agree to the demands many workers in the north vandalised machinery (plug plot) demonstrating they would stop at nothing to get the charter passed through parliament O Conner also called for a general strike as he was determined to remove the people who were stopping the petitions He sent a third petition in 1848 after a surge in support due to economic and agricultural depression He and approx 50,000 supporters met on kennington common in London in 1848 the authorities expected more so had prepared 1000s of police and troops to stop him He took the third petition to London himself and it was said to have 5mil signatures however only had 2mil and most were forged causing the government to reject it established a newspaper the Norther Star

Answer 50

the government fear the chartists as they were able to mobilise large groups of people from all classes and they also had respectable leaders and a newspaper used to spread propaganda the government rejected all the petitions local governments also put up posters asking people to not attend chartist meetings they also freely arrested chartists including Lovett and Oconner also threatened to transport people to australia which deterred a lot of people

Answer 51

nothing changed as there was strong parliamentary opposition with clear strategies, suppression of local meetings, living standards began to improve, many alternative working class movements available (trade unions), divided leadership of Lovett and Oconner, no clear message

Answer 52

very successful long term as 5/6 campaigns were achieved by 1918 and are make up a key part of our voting system now

Answer 53

in 1815 there were Corn Laws introduced to ban cheap french wheat as britain were at war with France which meant the price of British wheat increased as there was no competition when the war ended the high prices benefitted many politicians/wealthy landowners so they wanted to keep the high prices . Anti corn law league was set up and filled with mostly middle class who felt the price controls on wheat were unfair and had two main members: Richard Cobden and John Bright both MPs key policies: corn laws were unfair as the price of basic food was far too high, cheap wheat could lower cost of living, people would have to spend money on other goods (meat), people could buy industrial goods, improved trade with other countries would help to secure peace they spread the message throughout the country by: speeches, pamphlets, newspaper articles, used railways, used the penny post to reach every eligible voter the PM robert Peel also saw the benefits of free trade and not controlling imports so he supported the anti corn law league He was unfortunately a member of the conservative party (wealthy landowners) so they wanted to keep prices high making it hard for him to repeal the laws 1846 due to Irish famine and British and scottish crop failure there was a crisis to Peel had no option other than to repeal laws allowing foreign wheat to feed the people however he had to resign after the farmers and landowners still did well as the population increased as the price lowered

Answer 54

did not have devastating effect on wheat prices as low prices before war had been due to overproduction population was also increasing so even the prices were lower there was more demand so farmers still made profit and the poor were able to afford wheat the prices of oats, barely and meats also increased which compensated farmers who were affected

Answer 55

caused many other tariffs and trade restrictions to be removed Britain embraced free trade policies for decades which was a key part of its global economic power in the victorian era showed how non violent organised middle class campaigns could influence government policy and inspired the suffragists showed decline in upper class power

Answer 56

people began to accept slavery was wrong as there was a common comparison between the working conditions of factories and the conditions of the slave plantations and the factory workers were called 'white slaves' religious beliefs that slavery was not Christian the conditions of the slaves were so bad as 1/3 died on the ships and the life expectancy was only 27 . William Wilberforce was an MP who spoke in parliament and presented a petition in 1797 Thomas clarkson collected information and produced drawings and pamphlets about conditions on board slave ships Granville Sharp argued in law courts to free slaves and clarify the law about slave ownership Olaudah Equiano was a former slave who wrote a widely read book about his life

Answer 57

1655 maroon slaves escaped from their plantation in jamaica and lived in the mountains and celebrated their african culture Slaves of St Dominique were inspired by the French revolution and rebelled killing the plantation owners and burning sugar crops and slavery was abolished in 1804 on the island rebellions sent the message that slaves were no longer willing to accept slavery

Answer 58

there were anti abolitionists as many MPs and lords made lots of money from the slave trade so they would lose lots of money if it stopped so they created propaganda saying that black people were inferior and that it was Britains responsibility to keep them locked up (white mans burden) in 1807 buying and selling slaves was made illegal however any currently owned ones did not have to be freed in 1833 slave ownership was completely banned across the empire and the government paid £20mil in compensation

Answer 59

did achieve goal of freeing slaves by raising public awareness 1833 total abolition only freed slaves U6 and the rest were put into age categories and were promised freedom after 4 years to educate them about living in the outside world this also caused an increase in smuggling slaves which made the conditions even worse as there was no one to regulate it many now paid workers were still sacked if they chose to not live in their old quarters

Answer 60

caused gradual decline in transatlantic slave trade and pressured other nations to stop the slave trade permanent change inspired other movements such as the suffragists showing the power of peaceful protests and pressure still was racism

Answer 61

during the industrial revolution lots of factories and mines were built however they were designed to make profit with no safety concerns. Children as young as 4 and 6 were working in the factories and mines with 12 hour days and common accidents it was not uncommon for children to lose limbs or their lives when the public heard about this they were horrified and called for reform Key individuals who pressed for reform (philanthropists)

Answer 62

factory acts were passed 1833: applied to all textile mills except silk -> no children u9 could work, children 9-13 could only work 48hrs per week, 13-18 could only work 69hrs per week, children u13 had to attend school for 2hrs per day, inspectors would check these were being followed . Mines act of 1842: no women or children u10 were allowed to work underground, no children u15 could be in charge of winding machines . many people thought these acts had not gone far enough and poor people were still at a disadvantage -> Poor acts meant they were sent to the workhouse if they could not afford to feed their families and shorter working hours made this harder acts also did not apply to all factories

Answer 63

introduced ideas of minimum working ages and safety ideas which laid groundwork for modern laws decreased child labour and increased education paved way for more modern changes

Answer 64

Lord Shaftesbury wanted to improve the lives of children at work and socially and was motivated by his christian faith as it was not humane to treat people like that no matter their social status -> supported Mines act and 10 hour movement and campaigned for more education for factory children . Michael Sadler wanted to improve the factory conditions (terrible working conditions, dangers of machines, poor treatment of children by factory owners and weight of coal women and children were forced to lift) -> suggests 10 hour movement (for u18) . Robert Owen was a mill owner but thought a happy workforce was more important than a profit and introduced 8 hour working days much before the 10hr campaign -> supported 10 hour movement, introduced 8 hour day 1810, opened a school at his factory, social areas for workers in time off

Answer 65

Robert Owen was a mill owner but thought a happy workforce was more important than a profit and introduced 8 hour working days much before the 10hr campaign -> supported 10 hour movement, introduced 8 hour day 1810, opened a school at his factory, social areas for workers in time off . Lord Shaftesbury wanted to improve the lives of children at work and socially and was motivated by his christian faith as it was not humane to treat people like that no matter their social status -> supported Mines act and 10 hour movement and campaigned for more education for factory children . Edwin Chadwick wanted to improve living conditions for those in towns/cities and improving health conditions for the public -> wrote reports linking sanitation to epidemics like cholera, reported causes of poverty . Elizabeth Fry was a quaker who wanted prison reform and to help the poor -> opened a school and a chapel in Newgate prison, had a prison reform raised in parliament which was passed, conditions for women on transportation ships were improved . Josephine Butlers family was involved in social reform and abolition, was christian -> she campaigned to protect women arrested for being prostitutes, campaigned for the age of consent to by increased from 13-16, got the contagious disease act repealed in 1883

Answer 66

six farmers led by George Loveless who were from Tolpuddle, dorest they swore an illegal oath to keep their trade union (about better wages due to machines) a secret and were arrested and transported to australia for hard labour short term impact: public outrage, GNCTU called a meeting and 10,000 attended, and a march was organised at Copenhagen fields which was attended by 1000s where a petition was signed which demanded they be returned to England -> worked and they were returned free in 1836 showing success of mass movements and petitioning long term impact: helped legitimize trade unions as the were seen as illegal at the time -> built momentum for larger unions later, led to the Trade Union ACt 1871 and Conspiracy and protection of Property act

Answer 67

Dockers led by Ben Tillet in London went on strike and marched through London carrying fish heads and rotten vegetables to show what their families lived on and also picketed the gates of London docks because they wanted a pay rise from 5p to 6p per hour and 8p for overtime and wanted a guaranteed 4 hours work per day short term impact: closed the London docks and gained support of some influential people (Lord Mayor of London and cardinal Manning) and also the public. £30,000 were donated from unions in australia which forced the Dock owners to get a pay rise and guaranteed 4 hour days Long term impact: another example of striking causing change and showing how unskilled workers had caused a change and also showed effectiveness of new model unionism -> membership increased

Answer 68

women and girls who worked at the Bryant & May factory in london went on strike with the help of Journalist (annie besant) whoi called for boycott of matches made at the factory after publishing 'White slaves of London'. This was because conditions were poor and many women became ill due to white phosphorus in the matches which caused phossy jaw (made their jaws rot). Were also only paid 20-40p per week and were fined lots (money was even taken out of their wages to build a statue of PM Gladstone). The factory owners put pressure on any women who were not striking to deny the claims and when they didn't they were fired. The women wanted: higher wages and strike pay short term impact: employers agreed to the demands and removed the fines system, were also given a pay long term impact: first successful strike of unskilled manual workers which broke the stereotype that women were too weak or passive. -> lead to creation of Union of Women Match makers (one of the first trade unions led by women) and inspired the Womens trade union league and helped women be more included in wider trade union movement -> showed power of women

Answer 69

was set up by Robert Owen (factory and social reform person) and his aim was to bring all unions together under one organisation -> soon gained 500,000 members but struggled due to conflict between different groups of workers as everyone wanted different things so ultimately failed (tolpuddle martyrs were members) short term impact: large number of members showed strong interest in national unity, government was panicking and employers were more aggressive in banning union members however did not succeed long term impact: foundation for modern trade unions showing large scale unions were possible, inspired Trade union congress and allowed it to succeed by learning from its mistakes

Answer 70

in medieval times workers joined guilds that controlled wages and prices and businesses were small and conditions were good during industrial revolution wage competition was a large problem as there were so many workers (if anyone complained they would be sacked and replaced) new technologies meant skilled workers were no longer need -> Luddites and Swing Rioters opposed new technologies and damaged machines 1825 Combination Act allowed workers in factories to come together in trade unions to negotiate wages and conditions but were unable to picket or intimidate -> weakened trade unions

Answer 71

started with the creation of the Amalgamated society of Engineers (ASE) and then carpenters and tailors in 1860 and 66 differences between old unions: were highly skilled men, could afford to pay subscriptions to ensure they received sick pay and other benefits, did not want to destroy the structure they worked in, negotiated rather than going on strike short term impact: were seen as respectable and responsible, very successful with the ASU having 33,000 members and good at winning pay rises long term impact: helped trade unions gain support of the government as they were not seen as destructive and by 1870s unions were legalised and could picket for rights -> trade union act 1871, model for future union structure

Answer 72

as the new model unions only benefitted skilled workers there were lots of unskilled workers who were unhappy to fix this the workers organised themselves and had success -> dockers strike and matchgirls strike short term impact: showed even unskilled workers could win better conditions long term impact: helped turn unionism into a mass movement which included all workers, caused the birth of the labour party allowing a long term voice for the working class in parliament

Answer 73

created by Millicent Fawcett who brought all the campaigning groups together - mainly consisted of middle class women believed in peaceful methods such as meetings, speeches, letters, posters, leaflets, petitions to try and get the vote wanted to be seen as kind and gentle to persuade men to give them the vote went on a pilgrimage from carlisle to London after the government did not extend the vote to women 1912 short term impact: gained lots of respect, gained lots of support (over 50,000 members), did get bills debated and some MPs began voting in favour of women long term impact: key role in getting women the vote (representation of the people act), showed that peaceful protest can work over time and shaped political role of women as many later became MPs or local councillors

Answer 74

created by Emmeline Pankhurst and her daughters (Sylvia, Christabel) who was a member of the NUWSS when she decided it was time for more direct action - mainly middle class women believed in deeds not words tactics: heckling MPs during speeches, demonstrations outside of the house of commons, chained themselves to railings, started a stone throwing campaign where over 200 suffragettes were arrested, arson attacks and blowing up buildings, Emily Davison walked out in front of the Kings horse in the 1913 Epsom Derby and died from her injuries - became first martyr for the cause showing how far they would go, going on hunger strike in prison so government had to bring in Prisoners act 1913 allowing women to be released when they became too weak and then rearrested once healthy (cat and mouse act) short term impact: increased public awareness as made national headlines and put pressure on the government and showed how women were able to create change too long term impact: women did get the vote eventually (representation of the people act) and showed how violent demonstrations can be effective as they are hard to ignore, redefined the role of women showing how powerful they were

Answer 75

created by suffragettes who did not believe in violent tactics mostly pacifists - middle class women campaigned for womens rights as well as equal pay for women short term impact: peacefully protesting (picketing government buildings) which still drew public attention, helped increase suffrage support by providing a middle ground between suffragists and suffragettes -> 4,000 members long term impact: helped women gain the vote and helped raise awareness around other issues such as pay . refused to support the war effort as they were pacifists

Answer 76

womens rights had only slightly changed (married womens property act 1870 allowing her to control her own income once married) in the 1800s and they were still legally dependant on men and many wanted more equality during industrial revolution women had started to work in factories and earn money and there were some reforms which improved conditions for working class women however middle class women still lived at home even if women were working they were paid less and once they got pregnant they were expected to leave to be a mother

Answer 77

suffragettes met opposition and many people thought: they held back womens suffrage as the violence made them look irrational and unbalanced so wouldn't contribute anything in voting, a womens place was in the home, politics were a mans world and women were unsuited to it (PM herbert Asquith thought this)

Answer 78

when the war broke out 1914 the campaign was paused to help the war effort women worked on farms, in factories and on the front line as nurses showing they could work the same jobs as men (were known as the angel of the factories) proved they could work and still look after the children and homes ran family businesses and worked in the stressful war environment - could make cool headed decisions . once the war was over men moved back into their jobs however the government felt some women deserved the vote and so did the working class men so in 1918 they passed Representation of the People ACt which gave the vote to all men over 21 and women over 30 with property qualifications women continued to campaign and in 1928 they got equal voting with men

Answer 79

1960 womens movement was created and it demanded equal pay with men, more women in higher education, 24 hour child care, free contraception and abortion on demand impact: Divorce reform act 1969 allowed women to divorce their husbands and claim any property owned in the divorce settlement 1970 Equal pay act gave women right to be paid the same as men for the same work 1975 Sex discrimination act gave women rights and protection in the work place long term: vastly improved womens life however still not equal as there are more men in higher education and a wage gap

Answer 80

the british government needed to rebuild the country after the war and there was a shortage of people in low paid and unskilled jobs (London transport) so the government invited people from commonwealth countries to come and live and work in Britain . 1948 Nationality act gave all commonwealth citizens the chance to move to Britain if they came to Britain (mother country) they could gain full british citizenship people from the commonwealth countries were keen to see what Britain was like and to benefit from the opportunities government gave interest free loans so immigrants could afford the cost of transport recruitment fairs in countries like Jamaica helped immigrants secure a job before they had left their home country . June 22 1948 the Empire Windrush docked near London and 492 people from the caribbean came to britain and more and more people came during the next decade from Asia and the Caribbean

Answer 81

young black men clashed with young white men (teddy boys) over women white people also tended to move away from the areas where black people had been placed in leading to segregation (white flight) many immigrants were forced to do low paid unskilled work as their qualifications were not recognised many indian doctors came over and worked in the NHS many asian immigrants started their own businesses many landlords and even housing associations tried to stop black and asian people renting their houses . tensions came to a head in 1958 with the Notting Hill riots many people felt there were too many immigrants in major cities and relations between immigrants and residents grew worse black people found it harder to get work as factory owners refused to employ immigrants

Answer 82

1962 Commonwealth Immigrations Act - Immigrants need to apply for a work voucher to come to Britain and they can only get one if their skills were in demand (most of the qualifications were not recognised so was hard to get one) 1968 Commonwealth Immigrations Act - Even those from commonwealth who hold a British passport cannot come to Britain unless they have a parent or grandparent who was born in or a citizen of UK (potentially due to fear of 200,000 asians living in Kenya would come to due Africanisation introduced) 1971 Immigration Act: Immigrants can only get temporary work permits and also encourages voluntary repatriation (government will help people move back to their country of origin) . 1965 Race relations act: prevent racial discrimination in housing and employment however no criminal convictions were ever brought forward 1968 Commonwealth immigrations act: aimed to help the integration of immigrant communities 1976 Race relations act: stated that discrimination meant any practice that put another group at a disadvantage and replaced race relations board with a more powerful commission for racial equality

Answer 83

was a conservative MP who was elected for PM - very outspoken about immigration and a speech known as the 'rivers of blood' about how Britain was going mad at letting the immigrants in he gained a lot of support from the working class supports of 'powellism' believed that white people were superior to non white people even born in Britain powellism encouraged the politics on the national front a group who wanted all non white people to return to their country of origin

Answer 84

the 1976 race relations act was seen as a failure causes: riots were about poor relations between the black community and police in late 1970s there was a recession and this economic hardship hit black community hardest with high unemployment poor housing and higher crime rates 1977 Battle of Lewisham was caused by a national front march through lewisham which was a predominantly black area -> national front was convinced that black people were more likely to be involved in crime and this made them even more against multi cultural societies

Answer 85

Sus law - allowed police to stop and search people they suspected to be about to commit a crime -> it was believed that many more black people were searched making black people feel attacked in their own community 1000 people stopped in 6 days in Brixton by plain clothed police officers (Operation swamp 81) rumours of Police brutality and arrest of a young black man on 10 april started Brixton riots and for 3 days the black community fought the police by setting fire to cars and buildings -> 100s of police officers injured and 100s of vehicles destroyed with 82 people arrested

Answer 86

Lord Scarman was asked to write a report of the events of Brixton riots he determined: No institutional racism in the police, suggested making racially prejudiced behaviour an offense, ended the sus law, led to creation of the police complaints authority . after the poor investigation about Stephen Lawrence who was killed in a racially motivated attack there was another inquiry about the police and it was determined they were institutionally racist

Answer 87

short term: over 300 people were injured an estimated property damage of 7.5mil, caused similar riots across the UK in cities such as Liverpool, manchester and Leeds, caused increased media attention on police racism and the police were heavily criticised, raised awareness of the Black struggle long term: led to the scarman report which implemented good things which helped reduce tensions such as repealing the sus law, caused the rise of Black british political voices, inspired the Black lives matter campaigns

BB Britain: Power and the People: c1170 to present day Flashcards

(111 cards)