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gross anatomy DPT > bb ch 1-5 - quiz 1 > Flashcards

bb ch 1-5 - quiz 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Systemic means…

A

Organized by the 12 body systems

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2
Q

Regional means…

A

By natural body subdivisions

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3
Q

Plane that divides the body into equal right and left halves

A
  • Median/midsagittal
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4
Q

Vertical planes that divide the body into unequal left and right sides

A

Sagittal

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5
Q

Vertical planes that divide the body into unequal left and right sides

A

Sagittal

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6
Q

Vertical plane perpendicular with the median plane, divides the body into front and back

A

Frontal / coronal

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7
Q

Horizontal plane perpendicular to both median and frontal planes, dividing the body into upper and lower parts

A

Transverse/ horizontal

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8
Q

What is the largest organ in the body and its % weight

A

Skin (integumentary) and 15% of total weight

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9
Q

Define the functions of the integumentary system

A

Protect underlying tissues from UV, bacteria, radiation, water
a site of sensory nerve receptors
Regulate body temp
Water excretion (sweat)
Formation of.vitamin D

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10
Q

What type of tissue is the epidermis
Vascular? Nerves?

A

Stratified squamous keratinized epithelium
Avascular, has nerve receptors and endings

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11
Q

Label the integumentary system diagram.

A
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12
Q

Which layer contains melanocytes

A

Epidermis

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13
Q

What does keratin form on the body surface and where?

A

Papillary ridges (fingerprints)
On the palms and soles

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14
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis made of?
Vascular? Nerves?

A

Dense irregular connective tissue
Vascular and contains nerves

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15
Q

What fraction of the skin does the dermis make up?
What other structures lie within the dermis?

A

80%

Collagen fibers
Sweat glands
Hair follicles

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16
Q

What kind of tissue makes up the subcutaneous tissue?
Vascular? Nerves?

A

Loose connective tissue with many adipose cells

Vessels and nerves go through on the way to dermis

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17
Q

What is the purpose of adipose tissue? Which gender naturally has more?

A

Insulation, conserve body heat, shock absorber

Females

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18
Q

Where are hair follicles originated?

A

Epidermis and grow down into dermis and subcutaneous

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19
Q

What do sebaceous glands release and what is it made of?

A

Sebum (oil) is made using disintegration of some gland cells

Go through a duct into the neck of the hair follicle

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20
Q

What kind of muscle is the arrector pilorum muscle and where is it?

A

Smooth muscle

Epidermal/dermal junction attached to a hair follicle

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21
Q

Where are sweat glands and what passes through them?

A

The secretion portion is in the dermis, and the duct portion is in the epidermis

Sweat ( h2o and nacl )

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22
Q

Defined the functions of the skeletal system

A

Support and structure of the body
Attachment for skeletal muscles
Protection of certain vital organs
Hemopoiesis
Storage of certain chemical substances like calcium and phosphate

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23
Q

What are the four types of bones?

A

Long bone, short bone, flat bone and irregular bone

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24
Q

What are the characteristics of a long bone? Give an example

A

Length exceeds the width and has a medullary canal. Humerus

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25
What are the characteristics of a short bone? Give an example
The length equals the width. Carpals
26
What are the characteristics of a flat bone give an example
Expanded into one plane. Scapula
27
What are the characteristics of irregular bones?
Does not fit into the other three categories like vertebrae
28
How many bones are in the axial skeleton?
80
29
What are the bones of the axial skeleton?
Skull and hyoid (23) Vertebral column (26: 7 C, 12 T, 5 L, sacrum, coccyx) Ribs and sternum (25: 12 pairs of ribs) Bones of middle ear (6)
30
How many bones are in the appendicular skeleton?
126
31
What are the bones of the appendicular skeleton?
Clavicle Scapula Humerus Ulna Radius 8 carpals 5 metacarpal 14 phalanges Hip Femur Patella Tibia Fibula 7 tarsals 5 metatarsals 14 phalanges ALL X2! TWO SIDES!
32
How many bones are in the human body and define sesamoid and ectopic bone
206 Sesamoid: bone located in tendons like patella Ectopic: pathological bone formation
33
Label the long bone diagram
34
What is an epiphysis of a long bone? What is the shape and what does it do?
Two ends of a long bone Wider than the shaft Takes part in forming the joint
35
What is the diaphysis of a long bone?
The shaft of long bone
36
What is compact bone and where is it found?
Bone lay down in concentric layers to appear solid Found in the diaphysis, forms the outer surface of all bones
37
What is spongy bone and where is it found?
Then plates of bone that meet other plates of bone various angles, leaving spaces between them It is found in the epiphysis and metaphysis
38
What kind of tissue makes up the periosteum?
Connective tissue sheath that has two layers
39
What is a characteristic of the outer periosteum and what does it do?
It is a tough fibrous layer Place of insertion for muscle tendons
40
What is a characteristic of the inner periosteum and what does it do?
It is a delicate cellular layer It produces growth in the diameter of the bone
41
What is the characteristic of the endosteum? Where is it found and what does it do?
It is a thin cellular layer It lines the medullary cavity and cavities of spongy bone It destroys bone, allowing for growth in the diameter of the marrow cavity so bone does not become too solid and heavy
42
Where is the medullary cavity and what does it do?
It runs the length of the diaphysis It contains red marrow that actively forms blood cells, yellow marrow, where fat cells are stored, or combinations of both
43
What type of tissue is the articular cartilage made of? Where is it and what does it do?
It is a thin layer of hyaline Cartilage It covers the articular surface of each epiphysis It cushions the joint during movement
44
What is an epiphyseal disk? Where is it and what does it do?
In a growing child, it is a cartilage plate It is found at the junction of the diaphysis and the epiphysis Allows for growth of the long bone in length and is not present when growth is complete
45
What type of tissue makes up the metaphysis and where is it located?
Spongy bone tissue Junction of the diaphysis and epiphyseal disc. In the adult it is continuous with epiphysis
46
What is the design of cartilage? Does it have nerves or blood vessels?
Tough connective tissue, composed of cells embedded in a gel like firm intercellular substance It is avascular and does not have nerves
47
What are the types of cartilage?
Hyaline, fibrocartilage, elastic
48
What are some examples of structures made with hyaline cartilage?
Embryo Epiphyseal disc Articular cartilage Costal cartilage Larynx Trachea Bronchi Nasal cartilage
49
What are some examples of fibrocartilage locations?
Interpubic disc (pubic symphysis) Intervertebral disc
50
What are some examples of elastic cartilage locations?
Auricle Auditory tube Epiglottis
51
What are the three major types of joints?
Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial
52
Give two examples of fibrous joints, including characteristics, movement type, location, and example.
SUTURE - formed by two bones with serrated surfaces immovable only located in the skull example: sagittal suture SYDENSMOSIS: more connective tissue than suture slightly movable between radius/ulna, tib/fib example: radioulnar sydesmosis
53
Give two examples of cartilaginous joints, including characteristics, movement type, location, and example.
HYALINE: hyaline cartilage immovable between epiphysis and diaphysis example: epiphyseal disc FIBROCARTILAGINOUS: fibrocartilage slightly movable example: interpubic or vertebral discs
54
Characteristics of a synovial joint
Possession of a cavity, permit free movement Intervening tissue is synovial fluid Articular cartilage - hyaline, avascular, no nerves, radiolucent
55
What does the articular capsule do?
Connect the two bones in completely encapsulates the joint and encloses the synovial cavity
56
What is a characteristic of the outer layer of the articular capsule?
It is a fibrous layer continuous with the periosteum
57
What are characteristics of the inner layer of the articular capsule? What does it do?
It is also called the synovial membrane It lines the fibrous layer, is quite vascular, and produces synovial fluid, which is derived from blood It lubricates the joint in nourishes the articular cartilage
58
Describe a gliding movement
A slight slipping of one bone over another, usually occurring with flat surfaces little actual movement occurs
59
Describe a gliding movement
A slight slipping of one bone over another, usually occurring with flat surfaces little actual movement occurs
60
What characteristics can limit movement
Shape of the articulating surfaces Ligaments and capsule at the joint Muscles that act on the joint
61
Name the six types of synovial joints
Plane, hinge, pivot, saddle, ball and socket, condyloid
62
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint: PLANE
Almost flat surfaces Sliding or gliding movements Example: between carpal and tarsal bones
63
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint: HINGE
One or more convex projection fitting into a concave surface Flexion and extension in the sagittal plane Example: elbow, interphalangeal, knee, and ankle
64
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint: PIVOT
Rounded projection rotating within a con cave depression for surfaces Medial and lateral rotation around a longitudinal axis Example: between the radius and the ulnar (radioulnar joint)
65
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint: CONDYLOID
Condyloid projection fitting into a concave depression Flexion extension, abduction, abduction in the frontal and sagittal planes, and circumduction Example: wrist joint
66
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint: SADDLE
Surfaces are reciprocally concave convex Flexion extension, abduction, abduction in the sagittal and frontal planes and circumduction plus rotation Example: carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
67
Describe the articulating surfaces, movements, and an example of this synovial joint: BALL AND SOCKET
Spherical surface on one bone moving within the socket of another bone Flexion extension, abduction, abduction, circumduction and rotation in infinite planes Example: shoulder and hip
68
What is the rule of stability of a joint?
As the degree of freedom of movement increases, the stability of the joint decreases
69
What is a bursa and what does it do?
Small connective tissue sack lined with a synovial membrane It facilitates movement by minimizing friction between two moving structures
70
What is a synovial sheath and where is it located?
An elongated bursa that encloses a tendon Often is located between the tendons of the wrist and ankle and the retinacula of the wrist and ankle
71
Describe # of nuclei Striations? Location OF SMOOTH MUSCLE
Long spindles thick in center and pointed at ends, when circularly arranged around an organ or vessel, the contraction obliterates the cavity of the organ 1 nucleus per cell No striations Walls of internal organs and vessels
72
# of nuclei Striations? Location OF CARDIAC MUSCLE
1 nucleus per cell Striated Heart
73
Describe # of nuclei Striations? Location OF SKELETAL MUSCLE
Composed of long cells up to 4 cm More than one nucleus needed Highly visible striations Attached to bones
74
What type of tissue is the fascia and where is it located?
Connective tissue layer that surrounds muscles and is adjacent muscles, just external to the epimysium and is often fused with it
75
What are the functions of the fascia?
Permit gliding of one muscle over another Pathways for vessels and nerves Has a rich blood and nerve supply
76
What are the seven ways muscles can be named?
Direction of fibers Function Shape Location Number of heads of origin Size of the muscle Points of attachment
77
What are the seven types of muscle attachments?
Bone Cartilage Skin Fascia Ligament Tendon Aponeurosis (flattened tendon)

gross anatomy DPT (5 decks)

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