bbh 101 exam 2 Flashcards
(102 cards)
1
Q
adherence
A
ability and willingness to follow recommended health guidelines
2
Q
nonadherence
A
refusal to follow recommended health guidelines
3
Q
optimistic bias
A
a belief that one will be spared the negative consequences of non adherence that affect other people
4
Q
continuum theories
A
use a single set of factors to explain adherence for everyone
ex. theory of planned behavior, behavioral theory, etc.
5
Q
stage theories
A
propose that people pass through a series of stages as they attempt to change their behavior
6
Q
intention-behavior gap
A
intending the behave healthy but then failed to do so
7
Q
gain-framed messages
A
messages which focus on the positive outcomes from adopting a health behavior
8
Q
loss-framed messages
A
messages which focus on the negative outcomes from failing to perform a health behavior
9
Q
tailored messages
A
messages that are customized to individualized characteristics of people
10
Q
fear appeals
A
scare factors that cam backfire and decrease ones likelihood of changing beliefs or behaviors
11
Q
self-monitoring
A
people tracking their own behavior, associate stimuli and consequences
ex. writing down eating habits, exercise, mood
12
Q
relapse prevention
A
training people in coping skills and other techniques intended to help prevent people from falling back into old and unhealthy habits, following a successful behavioral intervention
13
Q
contingency contracting
A
formal agreement between a person attempting to change a health behavior and another person regarding the consequences of target behaviors
ex. agreement between parent and teen that does not normally finish their hw on time. the two agree that the child must finish their hw before dinner
14
Q
motivational interviewing
A
counseling method which tailors the treatment to the patient
15
Q
6 methods for measuring adherence
A
- ask the practitioner: easy to do, practitioner does not know if patient if adhering
- ask the patient: easy to do, sometimes patient does not know if they are adhering
- ask other people
- monitor medication usage
- examine biochemical evidence: analyses of blood or urine, can be expensive
- use of combo of those procedures
16
Q
known barriers to adherence
A
- cost
- patients see the regimen as being too difficult or time-consuming
- optimistic bias
- patients stop taking medicine when symptoms disappear - patients treat regimen as advice rather than order
17
Q
how does severity of the disease predict who adheres to health behaviors?
A
if people think their disease is less severe they may be less likely to adhere to medical advice
18
Q
how does the treatment characteristics predict who adheres to health behaviors?
A
people are more likely to adhere if treatment is short, simple and tailored to fit their lifestyle
19
Q
how do personal characteristics predict who adheres to health behaviors?
A
older people and women are more likely to adhere to medical advice
20
Q
strengths of the continuum theory
A
produced substanital amounts of research, identity beliefs that should motivate someone to change their behavior
21
Q
weaknesses of continuum theory
A
rely heavily on self-report, leave out important facors such as self-identity and emtions
22
Q
strengths of stage theory
A
recognize benefits of tailored interventions to a persons stage of behavior change
23
Q
weaknesses of stage theory
A
more complex compared to continuum theories, need longitudinal research
24
Q
4 behavioral strategies for improving adherence
A
- using prompts to remind patients to initiate health-enhancing behaviors
- tailoring the treamtent regiment to their patient
- graduated regimen immplementation
- using positive reinforcement to shape behavior - using a contigency contract
- agreement between patients and health care professional
25
health belief model
suggest four belifs that should predict health related behaviors
- percieved susceptibility to disease
- precieved severity of the disease
- perceived benefits of health-enhancing behaviors
- perceived brriers to health-enhancers
26
self efficacy theory
people adhere to behaviors if they belive they are capable of carrying out this behavior
27
theory of planned behavior
attitude, subjective norms, and percieved behavorial control predict the occurence of a health behavior
28
transtheoretical model
people progress and through 5 stages: precontemplation contemplation, preparation, action and maintenace
29
health action process approach
incorporates aspects of both continuum theories and stage theories
- motivation phase and volition phase
30
stressor
an event or situation that triggers coping adjustments to percieved positive or negative stress
31
eustress
from changes that are perceived as advantageous
32
allostasis
the body maintenance of an appropriate level of activation under changing circumstances
- short bouts of activation of sympathetic autonomic nervous system
- body adapting to threatening situation
33
allostatic load
cumulative long-term effects of the bodys physiological response to stress
- prolonged activation of sympathetic ans
- leads to high blood pressure, insulin resistance, fat deposits and decline of cog function
34
stress buffering hypothesis
belief that social supports lessens the harmful effects of stress and protects against disease
35
sympathetic autonomic nervous system
- mobilizes body for action in response to a stimulus
- fight or flight respose
-involves immediate physological responses and delayed hormonal response
36
parasympathetic autonomic nervous system
- returns the body to nrmal baseline
- active under normal conditions
37
neuroendocrine system
the nervous system interacts with other ystems. such as the endocrine system
- hypothalamus is the brain region that regulates the endocrine system
- the nervous system uses chemicals called neurotransmitters
38
endocrine system
consists of ductless glands throughout the body that release hormones
- pituitary gland
-- connected to the hypothalmus
-- throught to be the master gland that produces hormones that affect other glands
-- effects of hormones have slow onset and prolonged action
39
SAM axis
sympathetic-adreno-medullar
- secretes noradrenaline and norepinephrine
40
HPA axis
hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal
- slower response to stressor
- hypothalamus releases corticotropin-releasing hormone that activates the pituitary
41
general adaptive syndrome
- describes the proces your your body goes through when you are exposed to any kind of stress
- positive or negative
- three stages
1. alarm
2. resistance
3. exhaustion
42
transactional model
-coping with a stressful situation
- coping is a process
- it constantly changes and adapts to the situation
-coping is not automatic
- coping is learned pattern of responses to stressful situations and requires effort
- cognitive appraisals are extremely susceptible to changes in mood, helath and maturation
43
diathesis-stress model
individuals susceptibility to stress and illness is determined by 2 interacting factors
1. predisposing facots (in the person)
- genetic vulneribility
- acquired behavioral or personaity traits
- biological system reactivity
2. precipitating factors (from environmet)
- traumatic expereinces
- some individuals respond more strongly to specidic environmental triggers
44
sources of stress
catalysmic events, changes in a personal life history and hassles from everyday life
45
cataclysmic events
unique and powerful events that could be
1. unintentional- natural disaster
2. intentional - crie/terrorist attack
46
changes in a persons life history
major life event- death, divorce, moving, new job
minor life events and when people are required to make a change
47
hassles from everyday life
physical enviornment- noise, pollution and crowding
psychosocial environments- discrimination, type of job and balance of work/famil
48
2 ways to measure stress
physiological and self-report
49
physiological measures
blood pressure, heart rate, galvanic skin resonse, , rspiration rates and hormone level
50
advantages/disadvantages of physiological measures
A: reliable and direct
D: expensive and process may produce stress
51
advantages/disadvantages of self-report
A: scales can predict occurrence of stress-related symptoms
D: people may overreport some events and under report others
52
ways to cope with stress
personal control, optimism, problem-focused and emotion-focused coping
53
types of relaxation training
progressive muscle relaxation, autogenetics training and guided imagery
54
progressive muscle relaxation
- first developed in the 1930s, present tension is mostly a physical state resulting from tense muscles while recovering in comfy chair
1. eyes close with no distraction
2. you tense a group of muscle as you breathe in and relax when breathing out
55
autogenetics training
- introduced in 1932 by german sychiatrist johannes schultz
- consists of a series of exercises desgined to reduce muscle tension, change they way people think and change the content of peoples thoughts
- stimulates parasympathetic ANS by self-statement about heaviness and warmth in different parts of the body
56
guided imagery
an ancient practice that includes simple visulation
- use positive mental images to influence how you feel
57
cognitive behavioral theory
type of therapy that aims to develop beliefs, attitues, thoughts and skills to make positive changes in behaviors
58
3 stages in cognitive behavioral theory
1. conceptualization stage - identify and clarify problems
2. skills acquisition and rehearsal stage - learn new cognitive and behavioral skills to help cope
3. application and follow through stage - practice these new skills
59
emotional disclosure
therapeutic technique in which people express their strong emotions by talking or writing about negative that precipitated these emotions
60
immune system
tissues, organs and processes; locates foreign microorganisms, mutant cells and damaged cells
61
lymph nodes
cells that recognize and eliminate pathogens
62
respiratory system
moves mucus and contamination upward and out of the respiratory tract
63
skin
effective barrier against pathogens
64
white blood cells
attack pathogens
65
spleen
protects against bacterial infections
66
stomach and intestines
kill most harmful bacterias
67
lymph nodes
round/oval capsule structures throughout the body
68
lymph
fluid that contains lymphocytes that circulates the body
69
lymphocytes
WBC found in lypmhl t-cells, b-cells and natural killer cells
70
thymus
production, maturation and differentiation of T-cells
- secretes thymosin which stimulates development of T- cells
71
pathogens have...
antigens on their surface
72
antigens
specific proteins detected by b and t cells
73
3 types of antigens
helper t cells, cytotoxic cells, and regulatory t cells
74
helper t cels
secrete cytokins
75
cytotoxic cells
kill virus infected cells
76
regulatory t cells
regulate when the specific immune response is on/off
77
memory lymphocytes
immunity to future disease
78
neutrophils
ingest and destory bacteria through phagocytosis
79
macrophages
ingest and destroy viruses
80
natural killer cells
kill infected cells
81
cytokines are released to initiate inflammatory responses
- increase blood flow to areas
- attract additional immune cells
- induce fever
kills, pathogens, promote healing and prevent spread of infection
82
primary immune response
when immune system contacts an antigen for the first time
83
secondary immune response
when immune system contacts an antigen for the second and other times
84
naturally acquired immunity
exposed to disease and then develop memory t and b cells
85
artificially acquired immunity
through immunization
86
active immunization
inject person with weakend or dead pathogen
87
passive immunization
inject person with antibodies to specific pathogen
88
herd immunity
when more than 90% of a community is vaccinated which slows/stops the transmission of infection
89
immune deficiency disorders
- an inadequate immune response to invading pathogens
- causes: genetic mutation, drug induced and illnesses
90
allergies
an abnormal response to foreign substances that normally does not elicit an immune reason
91
allergy response
body produces IGE antibodies, IGE binds to allergen and mast cells in skin and mast cells release histamine
92
psychoneuroimmunology
multidisciplinary field that focuses on the interaction between behavior, the nervous system, the endocrine system and the immune system
93
stress in relation to headaches
stress is 1 of the factors, daily hassles increase headaches, increased # of headaches and magnified pain in regards to high stress
94
infectious diseases in relation to stress
higher stress= higher likelihood of becoming ill, predicts outbreaks and affects progression of disease
95
hypertension in relation to stress
no simple relationship
96
cvd in relation to stress
cause of this disorder, increase risk of heart attack, risk most impacted by workplace, home, financial and major life events
97
reactivity in relation to stress
some people react more strongly to stress, can be related to strokes and ethnic differences- due to discrimination
98
diabetes in relation to stress
contribute to development through distribution of immune system in infancy and stress dysregulation of metabolism and lastly, contributes to the management
99
asthma in relation to stress
chronic bronchial constriction, inflammation and overproduction of musus in the airways and cytokines trugger inflammation
100
rheumatoid arthritis in relation to stress
autoimmune disorder, immune disregulation among athritis patients and stress increases sensitivity to pain
101
depression in relation to stress
stress increases vulnerability, kindling hypothesis-major life stress provides "kindling" expereince that prompts development and chronic workplace stress and health problems increase risk
102
ptsd in relation to stress
stress increases and fight or flight kicks in
