bbh203 Flashcards

Question

What are cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)?

Answer 1

CAMs guide neuronal and glial migration ## Footnote They help cells adhere to each other and navigate during development.

Answer 2

Synaptogenesis is the formation of synapses between neurons ## Footnote It involves growth cones, filopodia, and various signaling molecules.

Answer 3

Apoptosis is the process of programmed cell death ## Footnote It is crucial for eliminating unnecessary or damaged cells during development.

Answer 4

Neurotrophic factors are proteins that promote the growth and survival of neurons ## Footnote They play a vital role in neurogenesis and synaptic plasticity.

Answer 5

Somatic nociceptive pain arises from skin or musculoskeletal tissue, while visceral nociceptive pain originates from internal organs ## Footnote They differ in source and sensation.

Answer 6

Mechanosensation is the sensory perception of mechanical stimuli, such as pressure or vibration ## Footnote It is crucial for touch and proprioception.

Answer 7

Thermoreception refers to the sensory perception of temperature ## Footnote It allows organisms to detect changes in environmental temperature.

Answer 8

Nociception is the sensory perception of pain ## Footnote It involves specific receptors that respond to harmful stimuli.

Answer 9

The four types are: * Merkel’s discs * Meissner corpuscles * Ruffini’s endings * Pacinian corpuscles ## Footnote Each type responds to different stimuli.

Answer 10

The DCML pathway transmits conscious proprioception, vibration, and fine touch ## Footnote It decussates in the medulla.

Answer 11

The ALS transmits nociception, thermoreception, and crude touch ## Footnote It decussates in the spinal cord.

Answer 12

The homunculus is a representation of the body in the brain, showing the sensory and motor areas ## Footnote It illustrates the somatotopic organization.

Answer 13

Presbycusis is age-related hearing loss ## Footnote It affects the ability to hear high frequencies.

Answer 14

Tonotopy is the spatial arrangement of where sounds of different frequency are processed in the cochlea ## Footnote High-frequency sounds are processed at the base, while low-frequency sounds are processed at the apex.

Answer 15

The cochlea converts sound vibrations into neural signals ## Footnote It is filled with fluid and bounded by the oval and round windows.

Answer 16

Inner hair cells initiate hearing signals by transducing sound ## Footnote They are crucial for auditory perception.

Answer 17

Conductive hearing loss involves impaired sound propagation through the outer or middle ear, while sensorineural hearing loss involves inner ear dysfunction ## Footnote Central hearing loss is another category that involves the brain.

Answer 18

Retinotopic organization refers to the spatial mapping of visual information from the retina to the brain ## Footnote It preserves the spatial arrangement of visual stimuli.

Answer 19

The geniculostriate pathway generates conscious sight ## Footnote It relays visual information from the retina to the visual cortex.

Answer 20

Visual agnosia is the inability to recognize objects despite normal vision ## Footnote It stems from damage to the ventral stream.

Answer 21

Prosopagnosia is the inability to recognize faces ## Footnote It is a specific type of visual agnosia affecting social interactions.

Answer 22

Capgras delusion is the belief that a familiar person has been replaced by an imposter ## Footnote It involves a disconnect between recognition and emotional response.

Answer 23

The receptive field determines the area from which a sensory receptor can receive stimuli ## Footnote Sensitivity can vary within a receptive field, and fields can overlap.

Answer 24

Phototransduction is the conversion of light into electrical signals in the retina ## Footnote It is primarily carried out by rods and cones.

Answer 25

The confluence of the axons from rods and cones ## Footnote Rods and cones are the photoreceptor cells in the retina responsible for converting light into neural signals.

Answer 26

It partially decussates, carrying visual information from the contralateral visual field posterior to the decussation ## Footnote The geniculostriate pathway is a major visual pathway that transmits visual information from the retina to the primary visual cortex.

Answer 27

The right eye sees information from both the right and left visual fields, but the right visual field is defined as the area seen by the right eye ## Footnote This distinction is analogous to how the right ear hears sounds from both sides, but the right auditory field is defined by sounds coming from the right side.

Answer 28

Each quadrant of the visual field corresponds directly to each quadrant of the primary visual cortex ## Footnote This mapping is crucial for processing visual information efficiently.

Answer 29

The repeated presence of the antagonist drug can lead to upregulation of postsynaptic receptors ## Footnote This means that the number of receptors increases in response to prolonged exposure to the antagonist.

Answer 30

1. Difficulty with social interactions 2. Repetitive behaviors ## Footnote These attributes can vary widely among individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

Answer 31

They are represented with larger areas due to higher sensitivity and greater sensory input ## Footnote For example, the hands and face have larger representations compared to the back or legs.

Answer 32

The movement of hair cells in response to sound waves causes depolarization ## Footnote This depolarization leads to the generation of action potentials in peripheral auditory neurons.

Answer 33

It demonstrates how the arrangement and distribution of cones affect color perception and visual processing ## Footnote This can lead to misperceptions or altered perceptions of colors depending on the surrounding context.

bbh203 Flashcards

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