BC Flashcards
(14 cards)
Protein packaging
Proteins usually first pass through the cytoplasm and then the ER before reaching Golgi apparatus
pKa vs pH
When pH > pKa, molecule dissociates and donates H+ (deprotonated); when pH < pKa, molecule takes up an additional H+ (protonated)
Oxidative phosphorylation
Ideal primer for PCR
ideal primers for PCR have a high GC content and CG bases in 5’ and 3’ (good to have high GC content overall)
Nondisjunction
Nondisjunction is when paired chromosomes or duplicated chromosomes fail to separate and segregate into 2 distinct daughter cells; in Anaphase I
Euchromatin vs heterochromatin
Euchromatin is available for transcription; heterochromatin is tightly packed and cannot be transcribed
Fermentation
In anaerobic condition, e- transport chain does not work and NADH cannot be converted back to NAD+, so the cell generates ethanol and lactic acid from pyruvate (glycolysis still progresses; pyruvate oxidation will progress less and less acetyl CoA will be generated)
Glycolysis pathway
Key regulator: phosphofructosekinase (PFK); activated in energy-starved state (high [AMP]) or [glucose] high in blood (high [insulin] activating F-2,6 BP that stimulates PFK)
Fatty acid
carboxylic acid head and long tail
Protease
Cleavage of polypeptide bonds is catalyzed by a protease
Cleavage of human embryo
Zygote divides rapidly into morula
Step 3/4: Blastulation and differentiation
Mass of cells forms a hollow ball
- inner cell mass is pluripotent, and later becomes into 2 cavaties (epiblast and hypoblast)
Step 5: gastrulation
Neural tube vs neural crest
Neural tube: Will become brain and spinal cord
Neural crest: sympathetic/parasympathetic nervous systems, melanocytes, Schwann cells, etc. (components of PNS)
