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Biochemistry > BCH 110 Exam 2 (Cloning and Shit) > Flashcards

BCH 110 Exam 2 (Cloning and Shit) Flashcards

(71 cards)

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1
Q

Addition of what fatty acid aids in the treatment of cancer?

A

Omega-3

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2
Q

What percent of cancers that occur in the US could be prevented by a change in diet?

A

40%

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3
Q

How is the naming done with unsaturated fats like omega-3?

A

The first double bond of the unsaturated is on the corresponding carbon, so on omega-3, it would be the third carbon

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4
Q

Alpha-Linoleic Acid, aka…

A

Omega-3

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5
Q

Linoleic Acid, aka…

A

Omega-6

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6
Q

What does it mean, and how is it shaped, when a fat is ‘cis’

A

Hydrogens in unsaturated, double bonded carbons are on the same side and is therefore bent

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7
Q

What does it mean, and how is it shaped, when a fat is ‘trans’

A

Hydrogens in unsaturated, double bonded are on the opposite side and are therefore linear

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8
Q

Define polyunsaturated fats

A

fats that arent fully saturated by hydrogen in multiple places

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9
Q

Which has a lower cancer rate, high omega-3 or high omega-6

A

Omega-3

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10
Q

what percent of the US population are projected to get cancer?

A

40%

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11
Q

Examples of Omega-3 sources

A

fish oils, leafy green vegetable

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12
Q

Examples of Omega-6 sources

A

corn oils, vegetable oils

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13
Q

What dietary fat depresses the growth of tumors?

A

Omega-3

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14
Q

Oxidative stress-lipid peroxidation creates toxicity how

A

aldehydes, ketones, alcohol, epoxides

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15
Q

What dietary fat enhances tumor reception to chemotherapy?

A

Omega-3

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16
Q

What does Linoleic Acid do?

A

Enhances cell proliferation and upregulates cancer cell growth

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17
Q

Western diets tend to be high in what?

A

Linoleic acid

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18
Q

What is required for mammary tumorigenesis in animal models?

A

Linoleic Acid

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19
Q

What common cancer treatments are there?

A

Ionizing radiation coupled with chemotherapy

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20
Q

How does Ionizing Radiation work in treating cancer?

A

inducing genetic damage especially in dividing cells

or

generate ROS and RNS triggering cell death pathways

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21
Q

Define external Ionizing Radiation

A

direct targeting of sight with beam or emitter

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22
Q

Define internal Ionizing Radiation

A

source implanted near the tumor

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23
Q

What is internal Ionizing Radiation also called?

A

Brachytherapy

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24
Q

Define systemic Ionizing Radiation

A

mainly for thyroid with radioactive iodine naturally occuring sources

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25
How long are the genes in DNA?
2 meters
26
What are the proteins that dna is wrapped around?
Histones
27
T/F: the number of chromosomes directly correlate to intelligence
False
28
What are somatic cells?
Body cells that are diploid
29
What are gametes?
Haploid cells that are sperm and egg cells
30
How many cells do yo have in your body?
over 200 trillion
31
Why are we not a blob of cells?
cell differentiation
32
What kind of cells are in early embryonic development?
Undifferentiated ones only
33
How old is a blastocyst if it has differentiated and undifferentiated cells?
5-6 days old
34
What happens to differentiated cells in the blastocyst?
becomes the placenta
35
What are the differentiated cells in the blastocyst also called?
the Trophoectoderm
36
What happens to undifferentiated cells in the blastocyst?
become the embryo
37
What does Totipotent mean?
cells that can divide and give rise to all differentiated cells in the organism
38
What does Pluripotent mean?
cells that can divide and give rise to many, but not all, differentiated cells
39
What are Adult stem cells?
pluripotent cells that generate less cell possibilities than a normal pluripotent
40
What is the goal of stem cell research?
Regeneration of organs by 2030
41
How can the goal of stem cells be achieved?
Allowing cells to grow and differentiate on a collagen scaffolding
42
Where do most embryonic stem cells come from?
Pre-existing blastocyst cell lines
43
What happens when embryonic stem cells are implanted into an adult?
They form Teratomas, benign tumors
44
Why is embryonic cell research so appealing?
they are very pluripotent, no organ donation needed, and no organ rejection will happen
45
What are Adult Stem cells?
fully differentiated cells
46
Where are Adult Stem cells?
the Bone marrow
47
Can Adult Stem cells be transformed into other cells?
Yes in the right conditions
48
T/F: Adult stem cells have limited potential
True
49
What are naturally ocuring clones?
Twins
50
What are the types of cloning?
Molecular cloning and Reproductive cloning
51
What is molecular cloning?
Transferring foreign DNA into bacteria, bacteria replicate and divide by asexual reproduction and therefore the offsprings are clones
52
What is Reproductive cloning?
Somatic cell nuclear transfer in eukaryotes makes the nuclear DNA from the donor the same as the clones
53
Who is Dolly the sheep cloned from?
Dolly Parsons
54
How was Dolly cloned?
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
55
Why was Dolly so important?
she was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell
56
How does SCNT work?
Take nucleus from a somatic cell of a mammal, take an egg cell and take out its nucleus, add somatic cell nucleus to egg, develop into an embryo, implant into surrogate
57
What does SCNT stand for?
Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer
58
Why are Identical twins not identical?
Placental Differences, Epigenetics, Patters of gene expression in the body, Variations of the 2-copy rule
59
What are the placental differences factors in twins not being identical?
Having different placentas or different distances from the shared placenta
60
What is epigenetics?
Change in gene expression over time (like a gas and a brake pedal, deciding which to higher or lower activity)
61
What are the epigenetic factors in twins not being identical?
Environmental influence, random change as people age in chemical modifications
62
What is the official definition of clone
1) Copy of a gene that has been isolated by recombinant DNA procedures and amplified into larger amounts of copies 2) population of cells, all of which descend from a common progenitor cell 3) Offspring of a procedure of asexual reproduction in which the genome of a somatic cell of one organism is used to form another cell that functions equivalently to a fertilized egg that may then develop into another organism
63
What is the official definition of Stem cell?
Cell type within a tissue that is capable of self-renewal and is also capable of generating daughter cells that develop new phenotypes, including those that are more differentiated than the phenotype of the stem cell
64
What is Carbon Copy
The calico cat that is a clone but due to x-inactivation and barr bodies, doesnt look exactly like its donor
65
Who is Snuppy?
The first dog clone done in south korea, donated by tai
66
How do we know Snuppy was a clone?
He shared the same nuclear DNA with tai only, the mitochondrial DNA with the egg donor only, and nothing with the surrogate mother.
67
Define Parthenogenesis
Development of an organism from an unfertilized egg that is tricked into thinking it is fertilized and doubles it chromosomes to be a full diploid cell.
68
Why is an organism from parthenogenesis only a half clone?
It contains only half the DNA from the mother
69
Who is ANDi?
The Rhesus Monkey that was the first genetically modified primate done with GFP
70
What is GFP?
Green Florescent Protein
71
Where does ANDi get his name?
introduced DNA backwards

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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