BCH Prose Revision

Question 1

What are the clotting factors?

Answer 1

Factor 1 - fibrinogen 
2 - Prothrombin 
3 - Tissue thromboplastin 
4 - calcium
5 - labile factor
6 - non existent 
7 - Stable factor
8 - Antihemophilic factor 
9 - Christmas factor
10 - Stuart prower factor 
11 - plasma thromboplastin antecedent 
12 - Hageman factor
13 - Fibrinase

Question 2

What are the two stable forms of the secondary structure of a protein?

Answer 2

Beta pleated sheet and alpha helix structure (stabilized by dipole dipole hydrogen bonds)

Question 3

What are the things required for the pyruvate dehydrogenase complex and alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase?

Tender loving care for nancy

Answer 3

Thiamine Pyrophosphate 
Lipoate 
NAD+
FAD+
Co-ASH

Question 4

What enzymes are regulated in the kreb’s cycle and what allosterically regulates these enzymes?

Answer 4

Isocitrate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase

NADH

Question 5

What inhibits aconitase in the kreb’s cycle?

Answer 5

Fluoro acetate

Question 6

What enzymes require TPP as a coenzyme?

Answer 6

Pyruvate dehydrogenase
Alpha ketoglutarate dehydrogenase
Transketolase
Branched chain ketoacid dehydrogenase

Question 7

What are the two pathologies under the pentose phosphate pathway?

Answer 7

Deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase(leads to inability to produce NADPH and leads to hemolytic anemia)

Wernicke-Kosarkoff syndrome- Transketolase enzyme does not have affinity for TPP. Symptoms are similar to the symptoms seen in beriberi

Question 8

What organs lose sorbitol? [LOS]

Answer 8

Liver
Ovaries
Seminal vesicles

Question 9

Fructose and galactose metabolism only occur in ……

Answer 9

The liver

Question 10

What cells lack sorbitol dehydrogenase and are prone to edema?

Answer 10

Lens
Retina
Schwann cells
Kidney

Question 11

What tissue is capable of epimerizing UDP glucose to UDP galactose?

Answer 11

The glandular tissues of the breast

Question 12

What two enzymes convert Galactose-1-phosphate to UDP- galactose?

Answer 12

Uridyl transferase

Galactose-1-phosphate pyrophosphorylase

Question 13

At what age is Galactose-1-phosphate pyrophosphorylase present in people?

Answer 13

Age 4-5

Question 14

The odor of patients suffering from phenylketonuria is due to the presence of ……… in the urine

Answer 14

Phenyl acetyl glutamine

Question 15

What are the Amino acids that are both gluconeogenic and ketogenic? PITTT

Answer 15

Phenylalanine 
Isoleucine 
Tryptophan 
Tyrosine 
Threonine

Question 16

Nicotinic receptors are found ……. While muscarinic receptors are found in the………

Answer 16

At muscle end plates

CNS and on muscular viscera structures

Question 17

What’s the function of creatinine phosphate?

Answer 17

It’s a energy storage molecule in muscle cells because it can donate phosphate to ADP to make ATP

Question 18

GABA receptors have ……….. subunits and are …….

Answer 18

5 (pentameric)

Heterodimeric(they have combination of units)

Question 19

……….. is used as an norepinephrine transporter inhibitor

Answer 19

Amphetamines because they have a similar structure to catecholamines

Question 20

What’s the effect of nicotine in the body?

Answer 20

Activates cholinergic neurons

Increases glutamate and dopamine levels

Question 21

What is the pathology related to GABA?

Answer 21

Epilepsy

Question 22

Low levels of Ach leads to what disease?

Answer 22

Alzheimer’s disease

Question 23

Wha are the pathologies associated with serotonin

Answer 23

Migraines
Depression
Attention deficit disorder

Question 24

What neurotransmitter was formerly called Endothelial derived growth factor?

Answer 24

NO

Question 25

cAMP is also known as ……..

Answer 25

3,5-adenosine monophosphate

Question 26

How does cAMP aid neurotransmission?

Answer 26

It aids ca sensitivity of the cell to allow for vesicular rupture It’s also activates pkA to phosphorylate ion channels to open causing depolarization

Question 27

Norepinephrine transporter is inhibited by…… and …….

Answer 27

Cocaine and tricyclic antidepressants(just like dopamine transporter, to prevent reuptake of dopamine from the synaptic cleft)

Question 28

In schizophrenia, dopamine levels are higher in the ………. Pathway and lower in the ……… pathway

Answer 28

Mesolimbic- responsible for their sense of reward and emotions, also produces hallucinations Mesocortical pathway - responsible for facial expressions. Low levels of dopamine cause lack of motivation, apathy, sadness

Question 29

What’s the mechanism of action of botulinum toxin?

Answer 29

It prevents the exocytosis of ach containing vesicles hence hindering neuromuscular transmission

Question 30

How many protein units do G proteins have?

Answer 30

7 helical trans membrane protein units

Question 31

M1, M3 and M5 receptors are …….coupled while M2 and M4 receptors are ……. Coupled

Answer 31

Gq | Gi

Question 32

All beta adrenergic receptors are …… coupled

Answer 32

Gs

Question 33

Alpha 1 receptor is ….. coupled while alpha 2 receptors is …… coupled and it’s an …….

Answer 33

Gq | Gi, autoreceptor

Question 34

M3 receptors are found in

Answer 34

Salivary and lacrimal gland

Question 35

M2 receptors are found in

Answer 35

The atria of the heart and SA node

Question 36

What are the requirements for CYP450 enzymes?

Answer 36

P450 reductive Molecular O2 NADPH

Question 37

leukotrien b4 is a .............. and Zileuton is used to inhibit ..............

Answer 37

neutrophil chemo attractant | lipooxygenase

Question 37

leukotrien b4 is a .............. and Zileuton is used to inhibit ..............

Answer 37

neutrophil chemo attractant | lipooxygenase

Question 38

how do corticosteroids inhibit prostaglandins?

Answer 38

they inhibit the action of phospholipase A2 to prevent the release of Arachidonic acid

Question 39

................................ inhibits PGH2 synthase

Answer 39

aspirin by acetylating its serine 530

Question 40

................................ inhibits PGH2 synthase

Answer 40

aspirin by acetylating its serine 530

Question 41

``` list the exogenous analogues for the following prostaglandins respectively E1 F2 alpha E2 I2 HINT:ACDE ```

Answer 41

alprostadil carboprost dinoprostone epoprosterol