BCM QUACLAM 2016-2017 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What virus is infected into nude mice to create a model of progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy in humans and non-human primates characterized by spinal cord demylination and vertebral tumors?
a. murine poxvirus
b. murine herpesvirus 68
c. murine polyoma A2 virus
d. mouse cytomegalovirus
c. murine polyoma A2 virus
Percy and Barthold. Mouse. Page 23 in old book.
- POX = smallpox model
- Herpes 68 = ???
- MCMV = CMV model
Which of the following is the most common dermatophyte isolate from laboratory rodents?
a. Microsporum canis
b. Aspergillus fumigatus
c. Trichophyton mentagrophytes
d. Epidermophyton muris
c. Trichophyton mentagrophytes
(Ch. 28 BB 3rd ed pp 1350-1351)
What viral infection are C3H mice susceptible to natural infection?
a. Papilloma virus
b. Mouse cytomegalovirus
c. Ectromelia
d. Polyomavirus
a. Papilloma virus
b. Mouse cytomegalovirus
* *c. Ectromelia
d. Polyomavirus**
- Much of viral susceptibility is due to MHC haplotypes and preponderance for Th1/Th2 immune response
- C3H have a H-2K haplotype.
- BALB/c have a H-2D haplotype. In general BALB/C are susceptible to viral infections due to predominance of Th2 response (ie parasitic response) and lack of Th1 response (ie ability to fight intracellular pathogens).
- C57BL/6 is unique in that for polyoma virus, they are resistant even though it has H-2K haplotype. This may be due to its predominance for ability to mount a Th1 response and hence is resistant to most viral infections.
This information is from the new edition of Percy and Barhold.
Which species of mycobacterium is the only one with the potential to create neurotropic lesions in zebrafish?
A) M. abscessus
B) M. chelonae
C) M. haemophilum
D) M. marinum
A) M. abscessus – Opportunistic, usually subclinical infection with low morbidity and low mortality. Moderate disease can be seen with suboptimal environments. Has a zoonotic potential for causing atypical mycobacteriosis
B) M. chelonae - Most common mycobacterium found in zebrafish submitted for diagnostics. Has a low morbidity and mortality. It is an opportunistic infection, usually subclinical.
C) M. haemophilum – The only mycobacterium that presents with massive numbers of bacteria in various organs, including the spinal cord and meninges. It occurs as acute outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality. Clinical signs include severe emaciation and lethargy.
D) M. marinum – Acute outbreaks with high morbidity and mortality; Presents with coelomic distension, lethargy, diffuse erythema, and skin ulceration. The species most often blamed as the zoonotic etiologic agent responsible for cutaneous mycobacteriosis (AKA fish tank granulomas). NOTE: the zoonotic potential of M. marinum has not been reported in the literature, but at two different academic institutions, a total of four cases of cutaneous mycobacteriosis have occurred in individuals working in zebrafish facilities. Three of the four became infected during the same time the zebrafish facility was experiencing a mycobacteriosis outbreak.
This pleomorphic gram negative rod causes Peribrochiolar cuffing w/ lymphocytes and plasma cells.
a. CAR bacillus
b. Mycoplama pulmonis of mice
c. Mycoplama pulmonis of rats
d. SV
e. Pasturella pneumotopica
B. M. pulmonis in Rats
Percy Griffen &Barthold
Peribrochiolar cuffing w/ lymphocytes is a hallmark finding; swollen tibial tarsal joints (rare), and asymmetrical lung lobes with irregular surface due to bronchiectasis.
Mycoplasma wants to be a cilium; areas affected by Mycoplasma
Can affect the middle ear in rats; auditory canal open into the tympanic bulla dorsally.
Administration of alpha-2 adrenergic agonists in rodents may cause all of the following EXCEPT?
a. Analgesia
b. Diuresis
c. Bradycardia
d. Hypothermia
e. Hypoglycemia
Answer: e. Hypoglycemia
References:
1) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 22 – Preanesthesia, Anesthesia, Analgesia, and Euthanasia, p. 958-959.
2) Fish RE, Brown MJ, Danneman PJ, Karas AZ, eds. 2008. Anesthesia and Analgesia in Laboratory Animals, 2nd ed. Academic Press, San Diego, CA. Chapter 10 – Anesthesia and Analgesia for Laboratory Rodents, p. 262.
Domain 2
In a nonhuman primate, what is the structure depicted by the letter A, what anatomical structures are used to identify this structure, and what is its use?
a. Bregma; The intersection of the sagittal suture and coronal suture; landmark for pithing euthanasia
b. Lambda; The intersection of the sagittal suture and lamboid suture; landmark for “zero-point” coordinate for stereotactic surgery
c. Bregma; The intersection of the sagittal suture and coronal suture; landmark for “zero-point” coordinate for stereotactic surgery
d. Lambda; The intersection of the sagittal suture and lamboid suture; landmark for pithing euthanasia
c. Bregma; The intersection of the sagittal suture and coronal suture; landmark for “zero-point” coordinate for stereotactic surgery
BONUS: Can anyone name the OTHER zero point that can be used for the coordinate system in a stereotaxic atlas?
*NOTE* There is no mention of the lambda being used as a spot for pithing anywhere in the 2013 AVMA Guidelines. Other things I have read indicate it is a point from which measurements are taken. BREGMA seems to be more important than lambda, in my humble opinion.
References:
- Laboratory Animal Medicine, 3rd ed. American College of Laboratory Animal Medicine, eds. Fox, Anderson, Lowe, Quimby. Academic Press, 2015. Chapter 25: Techniques of Experimentation. Page 1238.
Semprini S, Saunter CD, Ludwig M, Girkin JM, & Mullins JJ. (2012). Use of Fiber Optic Technology to Measure the Effects of Anesthesia on Luciferase Reaction Kinetics. JAALAS, 51(6), 820.
Domain 3; Primary Species (NHP)
C57BL/6 mice are the gold standard background strain for GEM. B6 mice have multiple strain related spontaneous diseases.
Which of the diseases below is NOT a common strain related disease in B6 mice?
a. Microphthalmia
b. Cochlear degeneration
c. Dystrophic epicardial mineralization
d. Hippocampal neurodegeneration
e. Malocclusion
C. epicardial mineralization (this is common in BALB/c mice)
Percy and Barthold pg 5
In addition: BALB/c mice are prone to myocardial degeneration, auricular thrombosis, corneal opacities, and other ocular problems
*****These strain specific disease will be asked on the exam*****
The mouse pictured in this slide is wild type at which of the following coat color loci?
a. a
b. Tyrp1
c. Tyr
d. Myo5a
c. Tyr: This is the albino locus and determines if a mouse will have a coat color or not. The mouse in this picture is a pink eyed dilute brown mouse. a/a, Tryp b/ Trypb, Tyr +/+, Myo5d/ Myo5d, p/p Tyr c is epstatic to all other loci and can prevent expression of genes of pigment.
a = agouti locus (wt = agouti)
Tryp1 = black/brown locus (Wt = black)
Myo5a = dilution locus (WT = non-dilute)
p = pink eyed locus (Wt = not pink eyed)
**This is from 2009 mock practical section. References are 3rd Edition blue book.
Most mammals express 5 classes of immunoglobulins, however those falling under the Leporidae family lack ________.
A) IgA
B) IgD
C) IgE
D) IgG
E) IgM
B) IgD
Rabbits (family Leporidae) lack IgD
Blue book, pg. 414
According to the AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia, the device depicted is acceptable to euthanize which of the following:
a. Day old poultry and embryonated eggs
b. Up to 10 day old poultry and embryonated eggs
c. Amphibians and reptiles
d. Neonatal mice and rats
a. Day old poultry and embryonated eggs; Reference: 1) AVMA Guidelines on Euthanasia, 2007, p. 17.
You are observing enteritis in a cage of mice that are currently on prophylactic antibiotics following irradiation. You collect some stool sample to rule out your suspicion. Which would be the most appropriate culture media.
a) Mac Conkey Agar
b) Coagulase test
c) Brilliant Green Agar
d) CCFA
e) Blood agar
d) CCFA – Cycloserine-cefoxitin- fructose agar – selective media for C. difficle.
According to the NIH Guidelines, what amount (regarding any recombinant or synthetic nuclei acid molecules, or nuclei acid molecules derived therefrom) of the genome of any eukaryotic virus is allowed to be identical and still be considered defective?
a. Up to 1/4
b. Up to 1/3
c. Up to 2/3
d. Up to 3/4
c. Up to 2/3
Ref: NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules. Section III-D-3 Note (page 14 of 94) April 2016 Update.
http://osp.od.nih.gov/sites/default/files/NIH_Guidelines.html
Section III-D-4 a (page 14 of 94)
Section III-E-1 (page 16 of 94)
An assay was found to have the following sample results: 50 true positives, 1000 true negatives, 10 false negatives, and 5 false positives. What is the positive predictive value of this assay?
a. 83.3%
b. 90.0%
c. 95.2%
d. 99.0%
e. 99.5%
b. 90.0%
Reference: Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 10 – Microbiological Quality Control for Laboratory Rodents and Lagomorphs, pp. 385-386.
Domain 1
Chinchillas are used in research for all of the following EXCEPT:
A) acoustic studies
B) otic drug safety
C) vaccine development for upper-respiratory tract pathogens
D) anti-emetic drug trials
E) models of hypothyroidism
D) anti emetic drug trials. Chinchillas, like rabbits and other rodents cannot vomit.
Chinchillas are most known for their use with auditory studies. They have a similar human hearing range and anatomical ear size. Accessibility of the tympanic bulla is simple which makes them optimal for these type of studies.
How frequently must a research facility update their registration form with Animal Care Regional Director at APHIS?
a. Every 6 months
b. Annually
c. Every 2 years
d. Every 3 years
e. Every 5 years
Answer: d. Every 3 years
Reference: Animal Welfare Regulations, CFR Title 9, Chapter 1, Subchapter A – Animal Welfare, Part 2 – Regulations, Subpart C – Research Facilities, §2.30 Registration, (a)(1) (11-06-13 Edition, p. 31) (http://www.aphis.usda.gov/animal_welfare/downloads/
Animal%20Care%20Blue%20Book%20-%202013%20-%20FINAL.pdf)
Domain 5
Which of the following is one of the most common factors leading to intestinal disorders in rabbits?
a. Diet low in fermentable carbohydrates and high in insoluble fiber
b. Diet high in calcium
c. Diet high in fermentable carbohydrates and low in insoluble fiber
d. Diet high in non-fermentable carbohydrates and low in insoluble fiber
e. Diet low in vitamin D
Answer: c. Diet high in fermentable carbohydrates and low in insoluble fiber
References:
1) Suckow MA, Stevens KA, Wilson RP, eds. 2012. The Laboratory Rabbit, Guinea Pig, Hamster, and Other Rodents. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 9 – Rabbit Colony Management and Related Health Concerns, pp. 236-237.
2) Percy DH and Barthold SW. 2007. Pathology of Laboratory Rodents and Rabbits, 3rd edition. Blackwell Publishing: Ames, Iowa. Chapter 6 – Rabbit, pp. 277-278.
3) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Loew FM, Quimby FW, eds. 2002. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 2nd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 9 – Biology and Diseases of Rabbits, pp. 335-336.
Domain 4; Primary Species – Rabbit (Orytolagus cuniculus)
The OBA (which stands for ___________) publishes the NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules (aka NIH Guidelines). The group within the NIH responsible for carrying out the functions specified in the NIH Guidelines must be composed of no fewer than how many members?
a. Office of Biotechnology Activities, 15 voting members
b. Office of Biosafety Activities, 5 voting members
c. Office of Biotechnology Activities, 5 voting members
d. Office of Biosafety Activities, 15 voting members
Answer: a. Office of Biotechnology Activities, 15 voting members
The key here is to recognize the difference between the Institutional Biosafety Committee (IBC) and the Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC)
-
IBC (Section IV-B-2 of the NIH Guidelines; pages 25-27)Established by the individual INSTITUTION, not the NIH to review recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecule research
- Not restricted to this specific area though
- No less than 5 members (collectively have experience and expertise in recombinant or synthetic nucleic acid molecule technology with the capability to do a risk assessment of the work being reviewed.)
- 2 members are non-affiliated – represent the interest of the surrounding community with respect to health and protection of the environment (e.g., officials of state or local public health or environmental protection agencies, members of other local governmental bodies, or persons active in medical, occupational health, or environmental concerns in the community).
- 1 member with expertise in plant, plant pathogen, or plant pest containment
- 1 scientist with expertise in animal containment principles
- If institution has BL3, BL4, or large scale (>10 Liters), then a Biological Safety Officer (BSO) is mandatory and must be a member
-
RAC (Section IV-C-2 of the NIH Guidelines; pages 32-33)
- Established within the NIH with responsible for carrying out the functions specified in the NIH Guidelines
- No less than 15 voting members (this includes the Chair)
- Majority of members must be knowledgeable relevant scientific fields
- At least 4 members must be knowledgeable in fields like public health, laboratory safety, occ health, protection of human subjects in research, the environment, ethics, law, and public attitudes or related fields
There is also a new update (effective April 2016) to the NIH Guidelines that stipulates a significant change regarding the responsibilities of these two groups.
References:
DHHS and NIH. April 2016. NIH Guidelines for Research Involving Recombinant or Synthetic Nucleic Acid Molecules (NIH Guidelines). Section IV-C-2. Recombinant DNA Advisory Committee (RAC), pp. 32-33 (http://osp.od.nih.gov/office-biotechnology-activities/biosafety/nih-guidelines)
2) Fox JG, Anderson LC, Otto G, Pritchett-Corning, Whary MT, eds. 2015. Laboratory Animal Medicine, 3rd edition. Academic Press: San Diego, CA. Chapter 2 – Laws, Regulations, and Policies Affecting the Use of Laboratory Animals, p. 41.
Domain 5
