BDS3 Flashcards
1
Q
How does a confidence interval show significant evidence has been found for a study
A
If it does not overlap 0
2
Q
How much of the retromolar pad should be covered by a complete dentrue
A
2/3
3
Q
What are the stages in conventional complete denture design (7)
A
- Assessment
- Primary impressions
- Master impressions
- Registration
- Trial insertion
- Insertion/Delivery
- Maintenance/Review
4
Q
What makes it easier to see a patients vibrating line
A
Get them to say ah
5
Q
How do you know an impression tray is too small
A
The flanges hit the ridge or do not cover all the areas
6
Q
How do you know which kind of impression material to use? (3)
A
If there are undercuts use an elastic material
If there are bounded saddles - alginate.
Free end saddles - alginate + compound
7
Q
Where should you stand to take a maxillary impression
A
Behind the patient
8
Q
Where should you stand to take a mandibular impression
A
In front of the patient
9
Q
How should you assess/inspect a primary impression (4)
A
- Denture bearing area covered?
- Peripheral seal achieved?
- Adequate surface detail?
- No or minimal voids
10
Q
How should you assess a master impression (4)
A
- Denture bearing area covered?
- Good functional sulcus?
- Adequate surface detail?
- No or minimal voids
11
Q
What are the steps in a complete denture registration visit? (7)
A
- Measure vertical dimension and establish face height
- Adjust upper block for retention
- Adjust upper for tooth position
- Adjust upper for occlusal plane
- Lower tooth position
- Registration
- Selection of teeth
12
Q
What equipment is needed at a complete denture registration visit? (4)
A
- Iron
- Wax Knife
- Foxes bite plane
- Willis bite gauge
13
Q
What does LIMBO stand for (Complete dentures)
A
Lip support Incisal level Midline Buccal corridor Occlusal plane
14
Q
What should you mark on an occlusal record block (Complete dentures) (3)
A
- Midline
- Canine line
- High lip line
15
Q
How do you calculate freeway space?
A
Resting vertical dimension - OVD
16
Q
How do you decide what width of teeth to use for complete dentures?
A
Using a transparent flexible mirror, measure from the distal side of each canine and use this to select teeth
17
Q
What different types of posterior teeth are available for dentures (3)
A
Cuspless
Hybrid (12 degree angle)
Cuspled teeth (33 degree angle)
18
Q
What should you do with a trial wax denture before the patient arrives
A
Test it on an articulator
19
Q
How can you tell if a complete denture is underextended
A
Insert the denture and move the tissues away
If the denture drops, it is under/over extended
20
Q
What is a post dam
A
A lip on the back of a denture to give a better peripheral seal
21
Q
Instructions for patients that have been given a complete denture (3)
A
- Remove the denture at night
- Clean it regularly
- Build up difficulty of food
22
Q
Kennedy Class I
A
Bilateral free end saddle
23
Q
Kennedy Class II
A
Unilateral free end saddle
24
Q
Kennedy Class III
A
Bounded saddle
25
Kennedy Class IV
Anterior bounded saddle crossing midline
26
Modification of Kennedy classes
How many extra saddles there are, not included in the classification
27
Craddocks Class 1
Tooth borne support
28
Craddocks Class 2
Mucosa born support
29
Craddocks Class 3
Combination tooth and mucosa support
30
Support
Resistance to vertical movement
31
Retention
Resistance to displacement in a vertical direction
32
Stability
Resistance to horizontal movement
33
Retention methods for RPD (3)
1. Claps
2. Soft tissue undercuts
3. Path of insertion
34
Indirect retention
Resistance to rotational displacement
35
Stages in producing a RPD (5)
1. Assessment, primary impressions and denture design
2. Master impressions
3. Framework trial + record occlusion
4. Tooth trial
5. Review
36
Why would you need a Primary Record Block (RPD)
To see how the teeth meet if it is not obvious
37
What does a Primary Record Block do to the treatment plan
Adds an extra session before the casts can be mounted on an articulator
38
Instructions to the technician after master impressions for RPD for a cobalt chrome base
Pour model in improved stone
| Construct framework as per design
39
Instructions to technician after master impressions for RPD for an acrylic denture base
Pour model in stone
| Construct record block with shellac base
40
When should radiographs be taken for denture patients (2)
To asess abutment teeth
| To check for pathologies and/or retained roots
41
How do you use adhesive for impression material
Apply the adhesive to all sides of the tray, including the outside. Then wait for the solvent to evaporate before applying the impression material
42
Steps in taking a history from a patient (5)
```
C/O
HPC
PDH
MH
SH
```
43
Constituents of Stainless Steel (4)
1. Primary iron
2. Second most is chromium
3. Nickel
4. Titanium (Strength)
44
Advantages of URAs (6)
1. Excellent anchorage
2. Cheaper than fixed
3. Less chair side time
4. OH easier to maintain
5. Non destructive to tooth surface
6. Can easily reduce overbite
45
Disadvantages of URAs (6)
1. Less precise control of movement
2. Teeth cannot be intruded or extruded
3. Can be easily removed
4. Only 1-2 teeth can be moved at a time
5. Specialist technical staff required
6. Rotations very difficult to correct
46
ARAB
Active Components
Retentive
Anchorage
Baseplate
47
HSSW
Hard Stainless Steel Wire
48
FABP
Flat Anterior Bite Plane
49
For URAs, how many teeth can be moved and by how much
1-2 teeth at a time
| 1mm per month
50
For URAs, how does thickness of wire relate to force
The thicker the wire, the more force will be applied
51
Types of clasp for URAs (3)
Adams clasp
Southend clasp
Labial bow
52
What thickness of wire are retentive components for URAs
0. 7mm
| 0. 6mm for deciduous teeth
53
What thickness of wire are active components for URAs
0.5mm
54
Types of active components for URAs (5)
```
Finger Spring
Z Spring
T Spring
Flapper Spring
Buccal Canine Retractor
```
55
Components of a Finger Spring and what they do (4)
1. Tag (attaches to acrylic)
2. Coil (Where force comes from)
3. Guard (Allows active arm to slide along it)
4. Arm
56
What is a Z Spring used for? (3)
Used to push teeth forward
Can be used for small amounts of rotation
Uncoiled to activate it
57
What is the function of a buccal canine retractor
Moves teeth back into the line of arch
58
BPE 0 (3)
Black band completely visible
No calculus/overhangs
No bleeding on probing
59
BPE 1 (3)
Black band completely visible
No calculus/overhangs
Bleeding after probing
60
BPE 2 (2)
Black band completely visible
| Supra- or sub- gingival calculus/overhands present
61
BPE 3 (2)
Black band partially visible
| Probing depths of 3.5-5.5mm
62
BPE 4 (2)
Black band entirely within the pocket
| Probing depths of 6mm or more
63
BPE *
Furcation involvement
64
BPE 0 Treatment
No need for periodontal treatment
65
BPE 1 Treatment
OHI
66
BPE 2 Treatment (2)
OHI
| Removal of plaque retentive factors including supra- and sub- gingival calculus
67
BPE 3 Treatment (2)
OHI
| Root surface debridement
68
BPE 4 Treatment (3)
OHI
RSD
Assess need for more complex treatment and referral to a specialist
69
When should radiographs be taken to assess bone levels
When a BPE of 3 or 4 is found
70
Mini Sickle (2)
Two cutting edges on each blade for buccal and lingual
| Used supra-gingivally
71
Columbia Curette (2)
Two cutting edges on each blade
| Used sub-gingivally
72
Which part of a hand scalar should be parallel to the long axis of the tooth
Lower terminal shank
73
When should a 6 point pocket chart be carried out
When a BPE of 3, 4 or * is found
74
What is recorded on a six point pocket chart (6)
1. Gingival Margin
2. Probing depth
3. Loss of attachment
4. Bleeding on probing
5. Mobility
6. Furcation involvement
75
What probe is used for a six point pocket chart
PCP 12 Probe
76
How is loss of attachment calculated
Probing depth + recession
77
Mobility Grade 1
<1mm movement
78
Mobility Grade 2
1-2mm movement
79
Mobility Grade 3
2+mm and or rotation or depression
80
When does recession have a negative value
If the gingival margin is above the ACJ
| Coronal to the ACJ
81
Furcation Grade 1 (2)
Initial furcation involvement
| Furcation opening can be felt on probing but involvement is less than one third of the tooth width
82
Furcation Grade 2 (2)
Partial furcation involvement
| Loss of support exceeds on third of the tooth width but does not include the total width of the furcation
83
Furcation Grade 3 (2)
Through and through involvement
| Probe can pass through the entire furcation
84
Gracey Curette (2)
Single cutting blade
| Used for fine/deep sub- gingival scaling of anteriors
85
Hoe Scalar
Gross supra- and sub-gingival scaling mainly on buccal and lingual surfaces
86
How is a border seal achieved on dentures
Achieved by extending the denture flanges to the depth of the functional sulcus
87
How should you test the retention of an upper denture
Pull on an anterior tooth
88
How should you test stability of a denture
Trying to rock it back and forth
89
What do the black bands mean on a PCP 12 probe when carrying out a 6 point pocket chart
3, 6, 9, 12
90
Definition of impressions
A reverse or negative of the tissues
91
Decontamination of an impression
Rinse under the tap to remove gross saliva
| Perform for 10 minutes after
92
What should be mentioned on a prescription card for special trays (5)
```
Light cured acrylic special trays
Intra/Extra-oral handles
Spacing
- Alginate (3mm)
- Silicone/polyether
- Spaced 2mm (upper)
- Close fitting 0.5-1mm (lower)
```
93
What should you mark on a primary impression
Where you would like the special tray with an indelible pencil
94
What should the nasolabial angle be with good lip support from a denture
90 degrees
95
How do you check the incisal level of a denture
Get the patient to say f or v
| Drop the lower lip should have around 1mm of tooth showing
96
Upper anterior tooth position on complete dentures
Ideally less than 1cm to incisive papilla. 1cm isn't very stable
97
Where should canines be on a complete denture
Below the nose
98
What should you use and how should you adjust the wax record block for the occlusal plane (4)
Foxes bite plane
Hold a ruler parallel to it
Should be flat or angled up slightly at the back
Don't alter incisors, only the back
99
Lower anterior tooth position for complete dentures
Should be over the ridge or very slightly forward
100
Lower posterior tooth position for complete dentures
Should be over the residual ridge in the neutral zone
101
In a tooth trial which denture should be inserted first
Lower
| Upper can be dislodged when placing lower
102
What should you check during a tooth trial (5)
1. Extension
2. Retention
3. Stability
4. Occlusion (Resting Face Height first)
5. Appearance
103
SDA
Shortened Dental Arch
104
How much of the undercut should a clasp arm engage
1/3
105
Classification of Ridges (6)
```
I. Dentate
II. Post extraction
III. Broad alveolar process
IV. Knife edge
V. Flat ridge (no alveolar process)
VI. Submerged ridge (loss of basal bone)
```
106
Advice for new dentures regarding pain (3)
1. If there is minor pain, persevere it will subside
2. If there is major pain take them out and put old dentures in
3. Put new dentures in the morning of dental appointment so we can see where they rub
107
What aspect should not be recorded by compound impression material
The teeth
| If this happens, simply cut the impression compound to cut out the teeth
108
How are impressions disinfected
Rinse gross saliva
| Perform for 10 minutes
109
What helps check occlusion for a partial denture
Use a natural tooth contact
110
Types of Gypsum Product (3)
Dental Plaster
Dental Stone
Improved Stone
111
How much more likely are periodontal patients to lose teeth off they don't return for regular visits
5.6
112
What should be established when a patients periodontitis keeps recurring
Why there has been recurrence
113
Periodontitis Stage 1
Less then 15% or 2mm bone loss at worst site
114
Periodontitis Stage 2
Coronal third of root of bone loss
115
Periodontitis Stage 3
Mid two thirds of root of bone loss
116
Periodontitis Stage 4
Apical third of root of bone loss
117
If they patient has lost teeth due to periodontitis what stage should they be assigned
Stage 4
118
How is the grade for periodontal bone loss calculated
Percentage of bone loss divided by age
119
Periodontitis Grade A (3)
<0.5
Bone loss less than half the patients age
Slow
120
Periodontitis Grade B (2)
0.5-1.0
| Moderate
121
Periodontitis Grade C (3)
>1
Rapid
Max bone loss more than the patients age
122
How is localised periodontitis defined
Effects less then 30% of teeth
123
How is generalised periodontitis defined
Effects more than 30% of teeth
124
What are the components of a full periodontal diagnosis (5)
1. Stage
2. Grade
3. Periodontitis status/stability
4. Risk Factors
5. Generalised/Localised
125
Currently stable periodontitis (3)
1. BoP less than 10%
2. PPD less than 4mm
4. No BoP at 4mm sites
126
Currently in remission periodontitis (3)
1. BoP 10% or more
2. PPD 4mm or more
3. No BoP at 4mm sites
127
Currently unstable periodontitis (2)
PPD 5mm or more
| BoP at 4mm sites
128
Non-plaque induced gingivitis
Uncommon and will need a specialist to help diagnose
129
What can cause periodontitis without plaque
Squamous cell carcinoma
| Langerhans cell histiocytosis
130
Modifications made to teeth for dentures (3)
Cutting rest seats
Composite build up
Cutting guide planes
131
When should a denture design be completed for a cobalt chrome denture
Before master impressions are taken
| At the primary impression stage
132
Name Ramfjords teeth (6)
16, 21, 24, 36, 41, 44
133
How can you assess patient engagement with periodontal services
Modified plaque and bleeding scores
134
What surfaces are used for modified plaque scores (3)
Interproximal
Buccal/Lingual
Occlusal
135
Modified Plaque Scores (3)
0 - No plaque
1 - No visible plaque but a probe skimmed over tooth reveals plaque
2 - Plaque visible without probe
136
How do you calculate a modified plaque score
Add up the score for each surface and divide by 36 (or maximum possible score)
137
What does modified bleeding score measure
Marginal bleeding which indicate how well the patient is able to carry out effective plaque control daily
138
How should you carry out a Modified Bleeding Score
Use Ramfjords teeth
Run a probe around them at 45 degrees in a continuous sweep
Check for bleeding up to 30 seconds after
139
How do you calculate modified bleeding score
Total divided by 24 (or maximum possible score)
140
What should you do if one of Ramfjords teeth is missing
Use a similar alternative tooth
| If there is no alternative tooth, code N is used and maximum possible score is changed
141
When should you record modified plaque and bleeding scores
Not needed at initial session
| Every subsequent session
142
What are the goals for modified plaque and bleeding scores
Plaque - < 30%
Bleeding - < 35%
Or more than a 50% improvement
143
What two things must consent be?
Valid and Legal
144
Capacity (4)
1. Make a reasoned decision
2. Communicate the decision
3. Understand the decision
4. Retain memory of the decision
145
Principles of legal consent (3)
1. Ability
2. Informed
3. Voluntary
146
Principles of valid consent (2)
Ongoing, patient still agrees
| Specific to the proposed dental treatment only
147
Principles of negligence (4)
Dentist owed a duty of care
Duty of care breached (standard of care)
Breach caused or materially contributed to damage (causation)
Damage was reasonable foreseeable and had negative consequences
148
Principles of the Adults with Incapacity Act (5)
```
Benefit
Minimum necessary intervention
Take account of the wishes of the adult
Consultation with relevant others
Encourage 'residual capacity'
```
149
Assessing capacity (4)
Keep language appropriate
Break up information into segments
Ask patient to explain to you what you have discussed
Assess retention - ask at another visit
150
Welfare Power of Attorney (2)
Powers come into effect when the adult becomes incapable
| Welfare Power of Attorney document must be seen and entered into dental notes
151
Continuing Power of Attorney
Only covers financial affairs and property
152
Who can consent to treatment (4)
Patients with capacity
Welfare powers of attorney
Welfare guardians
Dentists with special training (under section 47 of AWI Act)
153
Can treatment be given if an adult does not have capacity or a proxy
Yes if a valid certificate of incapacity is issued for treatment
AND
The principles of the AWI Act are followed
154
What type of current do X-Ray producers need
Direct Current
155
How do X-Ray machines get current from the mains
They have generators which modify AC so that it becomes DC
| This process is called rectification
156
Inverse Square Law - Radiology
The further the patient stands from the X-ray beam, the lower the dose.
Doubling the distance will quarter the dose
157
Parallax
An apparent change in the position of an object caused by a real change in the position of the observer
158
What might X-Ray photons do as they travel through tissue (4)
Pass through unaltered
Scatter without losing energy
Scatter and be absorbed
Be absorbed
159
X-Ray attenuation
Reduction in number of photons within beam.
| Result of absorption and scatter
160
What colour are areas on an X-Ray with complete attenuation
White
161
How can scatter be reduced
Reduction of area irradiated also called collimation
162
What is the absorbed radiation dose measured in
Grays
163
What is effective radiation dose measured in
Sieverts
164
What acts apply to disabled people in dental care
Discrimination Act
| Equality Act
165
Eruption Sequence for Primary Teeth
a-b-d-c-e
| Lowers before uppers
166
When do primary teeth erupt
6 months - 2.5 years
167
Eruption sequence for permanent maxillary teeth
6-1-2-4-5-3-7-8
168
Eruption sequence for permanent mandibular teeth
6-1-2-3-4-5-7-8
169
How long should it take for a contralateral tooth to erupt
6 months or less
170
When should you be able to palpate the upper canines
By the age of 10/11
171
Balancing extraction
Take out the contralateral tooth
172
Compensating extraction
Take out the opposing tooth in opposing arch (upper/lower)
173
Which primary teeth should be balanced
C's
| D's under GA
174
Which teeth should be compensated (2)
6s - if taking lower, take upper
| If taking upper, don't take lower
175
When is the ideal time to take out lower 6s (4)
When the furcation begins to form on 7s
In patients whose 8s are present
In Class I patients
In patients with mild/moderate crowding
176
Why are posterior cross bites overcorrected
As 50% of them relapse
177
What can be used to deter digit sucking
Habit breakers
| Can be removable or fixed
178
When should digit sucking be stopped for teeth to return to normal eruption
Before the age of 10
179
Infra-occluded deciduous teeth
Tooth has ankylosed to bone
| More common in lower than upper
180
What should you do with infra-occluded deciduous teeth
If permanent successor - no treatment
| If no permanent successor - wait a year then extract when 1mm of crown left showing
181
What are good signs for upper canines being in the correct position in the mixed dentition (2)
Mobile C's
| Distally tipped laterals
182
What can be done about ectopic canines
Extract both C's (even if only 1 is ectopic)
| Can be done up to the age of 13
183
What can be done for class III patients (interceptive orthodontics)
If the patient can achieve an edge to edge bite on incisors, URA is possible
If not, refer patients when they are under 10
184
Arthritis definition
Inflammation of the joints
185
Arthrosis
Non-inflammatory joint disease
186
Arthralgia
Joint pain
187
Osteoclasts
Remove bone
188
Osteoblasts
Build bone
189
What minerals are needed for bone deposition (3)
Calcium
Phosphate
Vitamin D
190
Osteomalacia (3)
Poorly mineralised osteoid matrix and cartilage growth plate
Can be called rickets if it occurs during bone formation
Related to calcium deficiency
191
Osteoporosis
Loss of mineral and matrix
192
Bisphosphonates Use
Used to treat bone diseases like osteoporosis
193
Gout
Uric acid crystal deposition in joints
194
Dental aspects of gout (2)
Avoid aspirin
| Medication may give oral ulceration
195
Dental aspects of osteoarthritis (2)
Bleeding tendency
| Oral ulceration possible due to NSAIDs
196
Dental aspects of SLE (systemic lupus erythematosis)
| 4
Oral ulceration
GA risk
Bleeding tendency
Impaired drug metabolism
197
Dental aspects of Sjogens syndrome (5)
```
Oral infection
Caries risk
Denture retention
Salivary lymphoma
Sialosis
```
198
Sialosis (3)
Salivary gland disease
Asymptomatic
Non-inflammatory
199
Dental aspects of systemic sclerosis (4)
Swallowing difficulties
Erosion
Limited mouth opening and tongue movement
Widening of PDL
200
Multiple Sclerosis
Demyelination of axons
201
Dental aspects of MS (4)
Limited mobility
Treat under LA
Chronic orofacial pain risk
Higher trigeminal neuralgia risk
202
Dental aspects of motor neurone disease (2)
Drooling and swallowing difficulties
| Muscle weakness in head and neck
203
Dental aspects of Parkinson's (2)
Tremor - difficulty accepting treatment
| Dry mouth
204
Dental aspects of antidepressants (4)
Dry mouth
Caries (lithium)
Sedation
Facial dyskinesias
205
Epilepsy (3)
Reduced GABA levels in the brain
Abnormal cell-cell message propagation
Abnormal discharge from neurones in the brain
206
Who is at risk of a febrile seizure
Children above 38 degrees
207
Classification of epilepsy (3)
Tonic/clonic
Absence
Myoclonic/atonic
208
Dental complications of treatment for epilepsy (3)
```
Gingival hyperplasia (phenytoin)
Bleeding tendency (valproate)
Folate deficiency (rare)
```
209
How should you assess the risk of a fit for an epilepsy patient (5)
```
Good and bad phases
When were last three fits
Compliance with medication
Changes in medication
Treat at times of low risk
```
210
Categories of mental health disorders
Neuroses
| Psychoses
211
Neuroses
Conditions where contact with reality is retained
212
Psychoses
Conditions where contact with reality is lost
213
Anxiolytic Drugs
Bendodiazepines (pam drugs)
214
Rheumatoid arthritis
Initially a disease of the synovium with gradual inflammatory joint destruction
215
Dental aspects of Rheumatoid arthritis (5)
```
Bleeding risk - NSAIDs
Infection risk - Steroids
Oral lichenoid reactions
Oral ulceration
Oral pigmentation
```
216
Dental aspects of ankylosing spondylitis (3)
GA risk
Limited mouth opening
Limited neck flexion
217
What regulations govern radiation practices
Ionising Radiation Regulations 2017
| Ionising Radiation and Medical Exposure Regulations 2017
218
Haemangioma (3)
Collection of blood vessels whose walls have burst
Can grow to be large
Can be removed by a specialist
219
Fibroepythelial Polyp (3)
Can be on a stalk
Mucosa same as surrounding mucosa
Better to remove if large as they can continue to grow
220
Black Hairy Tongue (3)
Overgrowth of the surface of the tongue
Gentle forward toothbrushing
More common in pipe smokers
221
Atrophic Glossitis (4)
Smooth tongue
Caused by iron or B12 deficiency
Will ulcer if not fixed
Ask GP for routine bloods
222
Frictional Keratosis (3)
Due to trauma
Keratinisation
If you can't discern where a white patch has come from (trauma) you MUST get a biopsy
223
Denture Stomatitis (2)
Candida Infection
| Patient must remove denture at night and soak in solution
224
Angular cheilitis (5)
```
Can be due to denture hygiene
or staphylococcus
or skin folds - face not dried
or uncommonly low iron levels
Treat reason before medicating
```
225
Which salivary replacement should never be used for patients with their natural teeth
Glandosane as it is pH 5
226
Lichen Planus vs Lichenoid reactions
Lichen Planus is an autoimmune condition
| Lichenoid reactions mimic this but are reactions to drugs
227
Bisphosphonates (2)
Incorporated in skeleton
| Inhibit bone turnover
228
Risk Factors for BRONJ (8)
```
Extremes of age
Concurrent use of corticosteroids
Systemic conditions affecting bone turnover
Malignancy
Chemotherapy, radiotherapy
Duration of therapy
Previous diagnosis of BRONJ
Drug Potency
```
229
Oral risk factors for BRONJ (6)
```
Invasive dental procedures
Denture trauma
Poor oral hygiene
Periodontal disease
Alcohol or tobacco use
Thin mucosal coverage
```
230
How to treat patients on bisphosphonates
Warn patient of risk of BRONJ
Make sure they fully understand
Still treat
231
BRONJ
Bisphosphonate Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw
232
Indications for Extraction (5)
```
Unrestorable teeth
Traumatic position
Symptomatic partially erupted teeth
Orthodontic indications
Interference with construction of dentures
```
233
Direct vs Indirect Restorations
Direct - Can be placed in a single visit
| Indirect - Fabricated outside the mouth
234
Indirect Restoration Stages (4)
Preparation
Temporisation
Impression and occlusal records
Cementation
235
Types of inlays/onlays (4)
Composite
Gold
Porcelain
Ceromeric
236
Social History - SAMML CHOFD
```
Smoking
Alcohol
Mobility
Marital Status
Living Condition
Carers
Habits
Occupation
Family History
Diet
```
237
Advantages of indirect restorations over direct (3)
Superior materials
Superior margins
Wont deteriorate over time
238
Disadvantages of indirect restorations over direct (2)
Time
| Cost
239
RMD
Reusable Medical Devices
240
LDU
Local Decontamination Unit
241
AWD
Automatic Washer Disinfector
242
What two parts of the cleaning cycle occur in the AWD
Cleaning and Disinfection
243
Stages AWD goes through (3)
Prewash/flush
Main wash
Rinse
244
Most important factor for long term success of a crown
Coronal seal
245
Maxillary incisor access cavity
Triangular
246
Mandibular anterior access cavity
Ovoid
247
Maxillary molar access cavity
Trapezoid - very mesial
248
Mandibular molar access cavity
Trapezoid - central
249
Which crown material is better if a retentive cavity can be cut
Ceromeric
250
Which crown material gives a better bond
Porcelain
251
What is the length of biological width
CT + Junctional epithelium
| 2mm
252
Percentage of dry sockets/osteonecrosis (3)
2-3%
20-30% lower 8s
1/1000 w/bisphosphonates
253
Angulation in panoramic radiograph
8 degrees
254
What should you ask the patient to do before taking a panoramic radiograph
Put their tongue to the roof of their mouth of there will be a dark line across the teeth (air)
255
Most common physical impairment in children
Cerebral palsy
256
How can osteoarthritis be improved (2)
Pain improved with NSAIDs
| Lose weight
257
Name an arrhythmia
Atrial Fibrillation
258
Tori
Harmless bony growth
| Torus if singular
259
Lingual nerve position
Between medial pterygoid and mandible
260
What is medial to zygomatic arch
Masseter
261
Sclerotic canal
Calcification in the root canal system
262
What helps a sclerotic canal
EDTA chelating agent 17%
263
What is used to clean blood spillages and what concentration
Sodium hypochlorite
| 10,000ppm
264
What are the products of glycolysis
Glucose - > Pyruvate, NADH & ATP
265
Glycocalyx function
Adhesion and protection
266
Niche definition
Behaviour of an organism in ecological environment
| Function of an organism within an ecosystem
267
Where does NH+ of LA bind
Voltage gated sodium channels - active gate
268
Why should drug dosage be reduced for elderly patients
Reduced excretory capacity in kidney
269
How is a film radiographic image produced (6)
```
Development
Rinsing
Fixation
Removing
Washing
Drying
```
270
What is KVP
Peak Kilovoltage
| Max voltage applied across x-ray tube
271
How does an increase in voltage effect scatter
Increases scatter
272
What should you give for virus, bacteria, caries
Chlorhexidine
273
Rotation direction of condyle on working side
Vertical
274
Haemophilia A
Factor VIII
275
Curve of Monson
Combination of curve of Spee and curve of Wilson
276
Curve of Wilson
Occlusion of posterior teeth conform to a curved plane
277
Curve of Spee
Upwards inclination of mandibular posterior teeth
278
Radiograph too dark
Overexposed
| Developer left on too long
279
How often should radiology equipment be tested
Daily
280
Types of cerebral palsy (4)
Spastic
Ataxic
Dyskinetic
Combined
281
How can you make a veneer more adhesive
Lab with 10% acid
282
What acid etch is used in dentistry
37% phosphoric acid
283
Which material is used in the canal system in between visits
Non setting calcium hydroxide
284
Toothpaste used for high risk 2 year old
1000ppm
285
What is the primary aim of an audit
To ensure standards are being met - Improve healthcare
286
If a patient has an oesophageal infection what nodes will show on palpation
Deep cervical
287
What isnt alcohol based hand rub effective against
C.diff
288
Viscoelasticity definition
Ability to regenerate shape after stress is removed
289
Dental aspects of Downs syndrome
Early onset periodontitis
290
Treatment of osteoarthritis
Prednisolone
291
Class III Technical definition
Mandible <2-3mm in front of maxilla
292
Properties of stainless steel (7)
```
Non-corrosive
Cheap
Flexible
Non-toxic
Strong
Biocompatible
Ductile
```
293
Aims of orthodontic treatment (3)
Good aesthetics
Functional
Stable occlusion
294
Uses of study casts (7)
```
Record keeping
Track progress
Insight when patient isn't there
Design appliances
More info - better informed decisions
Teaching purposes
Retrospective studies
```
295
Anchorage definition
Resistance to unwanted tooth movement and displacement forces
296
Displacement forces (5)
```
Tongue
Mastication
Speech
Gravity
Active Component
```
297
Size of FABP
Overjet + 3mm
298
Baseplate material for URAs
Self cure PMMA
299
Fissure Sealant Function (2)
Obliterate fissures
| Remove sheltered environment in which caries thrives
300
Positioning for fissure sealant
In front of patient for lower left
| Behind for all other quadrants
301
Moisture control aids (4)
Dry guards
Saliva ejector
Cotton wool rolls
Suction
302
Surfaces of 6s for fissure sealants
Palatal Upper
| Lower Buccal
303
What teeth should be fissure sealed in high risk individuals
4, 5, 6, 7
| Palatal pit on upper laterals
304
Technique for applying resin fissure sealant (7)
Teeth cleaned - Plaque and debris removed
Tooth isolated either with dam or cotton wool
Surface etched for 20-30 seconds
Surface washed and dried
Cotton wool replaced
Place and light cure sealant
Inspect
305
Technique for GIC fissure sealant (4)
Can use 20% polyacrilic acid to etch but not required
Tooth isolated
GIC run into fissures
Infilled resin, petroleum jelly or fluoride varnish can be placed to protect material
306
Quality assurance of fissure sealants (2)
Run probe alone - shouldn't ping off
| Should look like the shape of the fissures not a pool of material
307
Which children are eligible for fissure sealants (4)
Children with special needs
Children from a disadvantaged background
Extensive caries in primary dentition
If a 6 develops caries
308
Caries Risk Assessment (7)
```
Clinical Evidence
Dietary Habits
Social History
Use of Fluoride
Plaque Control
Saliva
Medical History
```
309
How often should radiographs be taken for children
Low risk - 12-18 months
| High risk - 6 months
310
CRA - Clinical Evidence (3)
Caries experience
Orthodontics
Prosthodontics
311
CRA - Caries Experience (3)
DMFT equal to or greater than 5 - high risk
Caries in 6s at 6yo - high risk
3 year caries increment equal to or greater than 3 - high risk
312
CRA - Diet
3 or more sugar intakes a day - high risk
313
CRA - Social History
SIMD Category
Single parents
Inequalities
314
CRA - Medical History (4)
Medically compromised
Physical disability
Xerostomia
Long term polypharmacy
315
Preventative Elements - CRA (8)
```
Radiographs
Toothbrushing instruction
Strength of fluoride toothpaste
Fluoride toothpaste
Fluoride supplements
Diet advice
Sugar free meds
```
316
Fitting the URA
| DASIIPAADS
```
Details match
Appliance matches
Sharp edges
Integrity of wirework (work hardening)
Insert appliance
Posterior retention
Anterior retention
Activate appliance
Demonstrate insertion and removal to patient
See patient every 4-6 weeks
```
317
Patient information for URA
| BESWIRRAME
```
Big and bulky
Excess salivation
Speech may be difficult at first
Worn 24/7
Initial discomfort
Remove after meals and clean
Remove before contact sport
Avoid hard/sticky foods
Missing appointments
Emergency details
```
318
Post Op Instructions (13)
| PNBDEPES JSBAA
```
Pain
Numbness
Bleeding continues - damp gauze
Don't rinse for 24 hours
Eat on other side of mouth
Probe - Dont probe socket
Exercise - Not for 24 hours
Swelling normal - 2 days
Jaw may be stiff
Sensitive teeth on either side
Brush as normal
Avoid smoking
Avoid alcohol
```
319
From what age can you legally consent in Scotland
16
320
Can children consent
Yes if they are deemed Gillick competent
321
Who can consent on behalf of the child (3)
Mother automatically
Dad if named on birth certificate or married to Mum
These rights kept after divorce
322
What should be discussed with patient regarding treatment before consent can be gained (6)
```
Treatment options
Risks and benefits of each
Likely prognosis
Recommended option
What may happen if treatment isn't carried out
Material risks
```
323
When is consent not required
Emergency situation where consent cannot be obtained
| Adults with incapacity under certain conditions
324
Main risks for all extractions (10)
```
Pain
Swelling
Bruising
Bleeding
Infection
Damage to adjacent tooth
Tooth/root fracture
Jaw stiffness
Dry socket
Nerve damage
```
325
Risks for maxillary extractions (3)
Loss of tooth into maxillary antrum
Creation of OAC/OAF
Fracture of maxillary tuberosity
326
Risks for mandibular extractions (4)
Mandibular fracture
TMJ dislocation
Nerve damage - 8s
Higher risk of dry socket than for maxillary teeth
327
Digital Receptors (2)
Phosphor Plate
| Solid-Slate Sensor
328
Film Receptors (2)
Direct Action
| Indirect Action
329
Size 0 Receptor
Anterior Periapicals
330
Size 2 Receptor
Bitewings
| Posterior Periapicals
331
Size 4 Receptor
Occlusal Radiographs
332
Pulp Diagnoses (7)
```
Normal pulp
Reversible pulpitis
Symptomatic irreversible pulpitis
Asymptomatic irreversible pulpitis
Pulpal necrosis
Previously treated
Previously initiated
```
333
5 A's of smoking cessation
```
Ask
Advise
Assess
Assist
Arrange follow up
```
334
Smoking history (5)
```
What do you smoke
How long have you smoked
How many a day
What time do you have your first
Have you ever tried/considered quitting
```
335
Quitting history (4)
When did you last try
How many times have you tried
What helped/motivated you
Would you like to try again
336
Treatment Planning Stages (4)
Provisional Treatment Plan
Re-Evaluation
Definitive Treatment Plan
Review/Maintenance
337
Provisional Treatment Plan Stages (2)
Immediate (pain relief)
| Stabilisation
