BECOM 2 Exam #1 Flashcards
(212 cards)
1
Q
atrial natriuretic factor
A
found in the myocardium
- Secreted when excessively stretched
- Increases sodium and water loss by the kidneys
2
Q
Zonula adherens are responsible for what in the myocardium and associated protein
A
- Anchoring sites for actin filaments of terminal sarcomeres
- α-actinin is main actin-binding protein
3
Q
Macula adherens are responsible for what in the myocardium and associated protein
A
- Bind cells together to prevent separation during contraction
- Desmin and vimentin are main intermediate filaments inserting into attachment plaque
4
Q
Gap junctions are responsible for what in the myocardium and associated protein
A
-Provide ionic continuity for spread of action potentials between cells
5
Q
Lipofuscin granules
A
- Remnants of stuff lysosome cant break down
- Occurs in long-lived cells
6
Q
3 tunics of heart and what they contain
A
endocardium (contains purkinje fibers)
myocardium (thickest)
epicardium (adipose and coronary vessels)
7
Q
Cardiac skeleton purpose
A
- support valves
- attachment for valve and leaflets
- electrical insulator
8
Q
Chordae tendineae
A
Connect cusp free edge to papillary muscle
9
Q
Blood vessels three layers
A
Tunica Intima (Inside)
Tunica media
Tunica Externa or Adventitia (Outside and connects vessel to surrounding connective tissue)
10
Q
what is the role of endothelial layer and sub endothelial layer of the tunica intima
A
- antithrombogenic via PGI2 which also causes vasodilation
- platelet aggregation
11
Q
Vasa vasorum
A
is a network of small blood vessels that supply the walls of large blood vessels, such as elastic arteries (e.g. aorta) and large veins (e.g. venae cavae)
12
Q
Carotid/Aortic bodies purpose
A
They are chemoreceptors sensitive to:
- Low oxygen content
- High carbon dioxide concentration
- Low arterial blood pH
13
Q
Carotid sinus location and purpose
A
is a slight dilation of the proximal internal carotid arteries:
Contain baroreceptors:
Tunica media layer is thin, allowing the carotid sinus to respond to changes in blood pressure
14
Q
Pericytes cells role in capillaries
A
Roles:
- contractile function
- May proliferate and give rise to new blood vessels following injury
15
Q
Capillary types
A
Continuous
Fenestrated
Sinusoidal
16
Q
sites at which white blood cells enter damaged or infected tissues
A
venules
17
Q
Left umbilical vein is obliterated
A
ligamentum teres hepatis
18
Q
Ductus venosus is also obliterated (right umbilical)
A
ligamentum venosum
19
Q
Superior Vena Cava is formed by
A
Right common cardinal vein and proximal part of right anterior cardinal vein
20
Q
Left renal vein formed by
A
Anastomosis between subcardinal veins
21
Q
Renal segment of IVC formed by
A
Right subcardinal vein
22
Q
Post renal segment of IVC
A
Right supracardinal veins
23
Q
Proximal part of bulbus cordis forms
A
right ventricle
24
Q
Conus arteriosus incorporated into
A
right ventricle
25
Conus cordis forms
outflow tracts of both ventricles
26
Truncus arteriosus forms
roots of aorta and pulmonary trunk
27
aortic/pulm artery formed by (embryo)
neural crest cells
28
contruncal septum
separates pulmonary/aortic channels
| -formed by L/R conotruncal ridges
29
Semilunar Valves formed from
endocardium Tubercles on truncus swellings - neural crest cells
30
Osteum secundum defect
-Leaves a large opening between atria
-Due to excessive resorption of septum primum or
inadequate development of septum secundum
31
Tricuspid Atresia
Characterized by either absence or fusion of tricuspid valves, resulting in obliteration of right atrioventricular orifice
32
Most common congenital heart malformation
Membranous Ventricular Septal Defect
33
Tetralogy of Fallot
Produces 4 alterations:
1. Pulmonary infundibular stenosis
2. Large interventricular septal defect
3. Overriding aorta that arises directly above septal defect
4. Hypertrophy of right ventricular wall
34
Persistent Truncus Arteriosus
- Failure of fusion of conotruncal ridges
- Always accompanied by a defective interventricular septum
- Undivided truncus receives blood from both sides of heart
35
Transposition of Great vessels
Occurs when conotruncal septum fails to follow spiral course, and instead runs straight down
Because of this aorta originates from right ventricle and pulmonary artery originates form left ventricle
Usually accompanied by an open ductus arteriosus
36
Valvular Stenosis
Semilunar valves are fused for a variable distance, reducing the opening of the vessel
37
Ectopia cordis
Heart lies on surface of chest due to failure of closure of ventral body wall
38
```
Phases of infectious disease progression
Prodrome
Invasive
Acme
Decline
Convalescence `
```
```
Incubation – interval btwn infection and signs/symptoms
Prodrome – mild symptoms
Invasive – classical signs/symptoms
Acme – signs/symptoms peak
Decline – dwindling signs/symptoms
Convalescence – healing
```
39
Three components of LPS
outer oligosaccharide chains (O-antigen)
Core polysaccharide
Inner Lipid A (a.k.a. ENDOTOXIN)
40
Sepsis-Related Organ Failure Assessment
Brain: Altered mental status
Lungs: Tachypnea (>22 bpm)
Cardiovascular: Low SBP (<100 mmHg)
2 or more = septic
41
Bacterial propeller made of
flagellin
42
Eukaryote whip made of
tubulin
43
Key Spore-formers
Actinomyces anaerobe
Bacillus aerobe
Clostridium anaerobe
usually gram pos rods
44
likes it HOT (42°C)
Campylobacter
45
likes it COLD (< 5°C)
Listeria monocytogenes
Yersinia entercolitica
Aeromonas hydrophila
46
Peptidoglycan
Lipopolysaccharides (LPS/endotoxin)
Flagellin
receptor recognition
TLR-2
TLR-4/CD14
TLR-5
47
Strict anaerobes
```
Freaks Can't Breath Air
Fusobacterium
Clostridium
Bacteroides
Actinomyces
```
48
What does IgA Protease do and presenting pathogens
-cleaves antibody produced by mucus membrane (IgA) allowing these bacteria to adhere to mucus membrane
-My SHiN protects my spleen
Str. Pneumoniae
H. influenza
Neisseria
49
What is M protien and what pathogen carries it?
-doesnt allow the bacteria to be phagocytosed via Breaks down C3 convertase, prevents opsonization by c3b
Str. Pyogenes (Group A strep)
50
What is protein A and pathogen?
-Binds Fc portion of IgG, inhibiting phagocytosis
| Staphylococcus aureus
51
how does Protein A work
binds Fc portion of IgG flipping it and not allowing phagocytosis to occur
52
Endotoxins cause cytokine release ... via ...
TNFalpha and IL-1 via TLR4 and CD14
53
LOS releases from
Neisseria meningitides
54
capsule facts
antiphagocytosis
can cross blood brain barrier (meningitis)
many produce IgA protease
55
M gate
activation Na+ gate
56
H gate
inactivation Na+ gate
57
Gram Pos only
- endotoxins (LPS) - lipid A
- porin channels
- reistant to lysozyme and penicillin
58
Gram neg only
- teichonic acid
- no porins/endotoxins
- vulnerable to penicillin
59
bacteria vs human ribosome construciton
70s (50s + 30s)
| 80s (60s + 40s)
60
Peptidoglycan structure and what breaks it down
Amino acids cross linked with sugars (NAG and NAM)
- transpeptidase binds AA to each other (penicillin binds to transpeptidase)
- lysozymes cleave sugars (NAG and NAM)
61
enterotoxins
pyrogenic toxins
neurotoxins
gut toxins
produce fever
paralysis
62
Main capsule bacteria and all mneumonic
```
Make spleen protects my SHiN
-Strep pneumonia
-H. influenza
-Neisseria meningitidis
YES, Sadly Some Bad Killers Have Pretty Nice Capsules
```
```
Yersinia Pestis (F1 capsule)
E. coli (meningeal strains only)
Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep)
Salmonella typhi
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Bacillus anthracis (protein – Poly-D-glutamate)
Klebsiella
Haemophilus influenzae
Pseudomonas aeruginosa
Neisseria
Cryptococcus neoformans (fungal pathogen)
```
63
Exotoxins group A and B component
‘A’ component is active/toxic
| ‘B’ component binds to cell receptor
64
Protein Synthesis Inhibitors (pathogens and action)
```
Corynebacterium diphtheria (Diphtheria toxin) (gray plaque on throat)
Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Exotoxin A)
-Mechanism: ADP-ribosylating A-B toxin inactivates elongation factor 2 (EF-2)
Both toxins (Diphtheria and Exotoxin A) add ADP- Ribose to EF-2
Addition of ADP-Ribose makes protein dysfunctional
```
65
Shigella causes and how
-Causes bloody infectious diarrhea
-Secretes shiga toxin
Binds to 60S ribosome in cells
Removes a specific adenine residue from rRNA in the 60S ribosomal subunit
Blocks protein synthesis
***Toxin causes tissue destruction, but invasion of GI mucosal cells is main cause of disease
66
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) causes
-Causes bloody infectious diarrhea
-Secretes shiga-like toxin (Same mechanism as shiga toxin)
****EHEC does not invade GI mucosa
Unlike shigella, the shiga-like toxin does the damage!
67
Increased Fluid Secretion pathogens
Bacillus anthracis
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Vibrio cholera
68
Bacillus anthracis toxins and action
Edema toxin = protective antigen + edema factor
- Acts like adenylyl cyclase
- inc AC -> inc cAMP -> inc Cl- secretion, inc H2O secretion
69
Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC) toxins and action
- Heat Labile Toxin (LT): Activates adenylyl cyclase/increases cAMP
- Heat Stable Toxin (ST): Activates guanylyl cyclase/increases cGMP
70
Vibrio cholera toxin and action
cholera toxin: permanently activates Gs to increase cAMP
71
neurotoxin bacteria and action
Clostridium tetani: Tetanospasmin, Inhibits inhibitory neurons (GABA and glycine) -> RIGID (muscles always on)
- Clostridium botulinum: Botulinum toxin, Prevents Acetyl choline release (no contraction) -> FLACCID paralysis
- infants slow, adults fast
72
Superantigens action and classic case (toxic shock)
Non-specifically activate MASSIVE numbers of T-cells
| -staphylococcus aureus + packed wound (women and tampons or surgical packed wounds)
73
toxic shock syndrome pathogens
Sta. aureus (packed wounds) (Staff that is Hot and Red with a Rash has the Runs!)
Str. Pyogenes
74
Ventricular myocyte action potential (01234)
0: Depol. (Na+ influx)
1: -------
2: Ca2+ influx, K+ efflux at lower rate
3: K+ efflux
4: Na+/K+ pump, K+ leakage
75
Why do cardio myocytes have such a long AP?
a long AP in myocytes causes a long refractory period that allows the heart to relax, preventing tetany
76
Nodal cell action potential (403)
4: slow Na+ influx, K+ blocked
0: Ca2+ influx
3: K+ efflux
77
Norepinephrine and Acetylcholine effect on nodal cells
NE: B1 receptors, inc rate of Na+ entry -> faster phase 4
Ach: M2 receptor, inc K+ permeability and inhibit If channels
78
Funny (If) channels
slow Na+ channels on nodal cells that are triggered by hyperpolarization (Na+ perm inc, K+ perm dec)
79
Fungal cell wall are composed of?
chitin, ergosterol, and B glucan
80
yeast and mold growth temps
yeast: 37°C
molds: 25°C
- Candida albicans is the opposite
81
Only yeast to have a capsule
Cryptococcus neoformans
82
Primary fungal pathogens
```
Blastomyces dermatitidis
Coccidioides immitis
Histoplasma capsulatum
Paracoccioides brasiliensis
-All infect via inhalation of large numbers of spores
```
83
Fungi-Like Bacteria
```
Actinomyces israelii (Forms microscopic “sulfur” granules)
Nocardia asteroides (often mistaken for TB,Causes pulmonary abscesses and cavitations)
```
84
athlete’s foot
Tinea pedis
85
Potassium hydroxide (KOH) used for
Used to visualize fungal elements
| -Fungal elements visible in skin scrapings (hyphae)
86
Rose Gardner’s Disease pathogen and reaction
- Sporothrix schenkii
| - Ascending lymphangitis
87
Candida albicans can cause and test
```
Oral thrush
Vulvovaginitis (yeast infection)
Diaper rash
- test: “Germ tube test” Positive
- opportunist pathogen so occurs in immunosuppressed individuals
```
88
Virus like bacteria that like to hide in a host cell
Rickettsia and Chlamydia
89
Tropism
viruses are tissue selective
90
Capsid
protein coat surrounding virus core (DNA/RNA)
91
dsDNA viruses and ssDNA virus
```
HHAPPPy
hepadenovirus
herpesviruses
adenovirus
papillomaviruses
poxvirus
```
parvovirus
92
Reverse transcriptase viruses
HIV and Hep B
93
Two types of virus spikes
Hemagglutinin(HA)..attachment
| Neuraminidase(NA)..release/budding (exiting)
94
drift vs shift
drift: small mutations over time (why vaccines need to be tweaked)
shift: abrupt/major assortment (pandemics)
95
avian influeza
H5N1, H7N9
96
How to detect viruses
IgM antibody: acute
IgG antibody: longer
and symptoms
97
Virus replication cycle
```
Attachment
Penetration
Biosynthesis
Maturation/Assembly
New viruses are assembled
Release
```
98
Latency
period of dormancy
99
Lytic
cell rupturing
100
Hepatitis B virus cancer
liver cancer
101
HIV / HHV-8 cancer
Kaposi sarcoma
102
P wave
PR interval
QRS
P wave: .06 - .11
PR interval: .12 - .20
QRS: >.12
103
small box in sec
.04 sec
104
P
QRS
T
P: atrium depol
QRS: ventricle depol (Q: septal depol)
T: ventricle repol
105
Depolarization direction and deflection
- ----------> + depol, up
| - ----------> - depol, down
106
V wave
filling of the atrium w a closed AV valve to opening of AV valve
107
ST segment depression
subendocardial injury (ischemia)
108
ST segment elevation
epicardial injury (ischemia)
109
Identify the bacterial pathogen that causes the body to produce anti-streptolysin O (ASO) antibodies
Streptococcus pyogenes
110
acid fast and is commonly confused with TB
Nocardia asteroides
111
S4 sound
Atrial kick: Fill a ventricle with low compliance (stiff) sound produced
112
Dihydropyridine channels
Ca2+ channel through T tubule
113
ryanodine channels
Ca2+ channels on the sarcomere
114
phospholamban
wedges next to Ca2+ pump to SR (inhibitor). Phosphorylate phospholamban will cause it to leave Ca2+ pumped into the SR at a faster rate (dec AP length)
-SERCA2
115
Ca2+/Na+ exchanger
Ca2+ out, Na+ in
116
Methylxanthine
inhibits phosphodiesterase, inc in cAMP, inc in intracellular Ca2+
117
stretching of the myocardial muscle casues
high affinity of troponin to Ca2+
| get myosin and action closer together
118
cardiac glycosides (digitoxin)
1. inhibits Na+/K+ ATPas
2. Less extracellular Na+
3. Ca2+ out, Na+ in (exchange) --> more intracellular Ca2+
119
Virus Replicates in Cytoplasm
poxvirus (pox-like lesion)
120
Herpes Virus family
- herpes simplex viruses 1 and 2 (HSV-1 and HSV-2)
- Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV, which may also be called by its ICTV name, HHV-3)
- Epstein–Barr virus (EBV or HHV-4)
- Human Cytomegalovirus (HCMV or HHV-5)
- Human Herpesvirus 6A and 6B (HHV-6A and HHV-6B)
121
Greatest influenza threat to humans
H5N1 and H7N9 (avian influeza)
122
Hemagglutinin (H)
facilitates attachment and penetration of virus into host cell
123
Neuraminidase (N)
assists the virion into entry and budding (escaping) host cell
124
Human Papilloma Virus cancer
cervical, penis, mouth, anus, throat, vaginacancer
125
Hepatitis B Virus cancer
Liver Cancer
126
Hepatitis C Virus cancer
Liver Cancer
127
Human T-cell leukemia virus cancer
T-Cell Leukemia
128
HIV/HHV-8 cancer
Kaposi sarcoma
129
main place that regulates blood pressure
arterioles because high sympathetic innervation
130
compliance equation and meaning
compliance = delta V / delta P
| more volume = more compliance
131
ohm's law equation and meaning
F = deltaP / R
more pressure = faster flow
more resistance = slower flow
132
POISEULLE'S LAW most important factor of flow
radius of vein/artery
| -inc/dec by 16 times
133
POISEULLE'S LAW
Pi (Pi - Po) R^4 / (8 x viscosity x length)
134
Sheer force
- All flowing fluids exert “rubbing” force against the inner wall of a cylinder
- High flow rate reduces the lateral pressure BUT increases the sheer stress on the arterial wall
135
Reynolds Number
(velocity) (diameter) (density) / viscosity
less than 2000 = laminar flow
136
Law of LaPlace
Stress (S) = pressure (P) x radius (r)/ width (r)
-inc radius or pressure = inc stress
137
Mean arterial pressure (MAP)
MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
| pulse pressure = systole - diastole
138
stiff aorta arterial pulse wave form
inc systole pressure
| dec dicrotic notch
139
aortic incompetence arterial pulse wave form
very low diastole because it will equal out with left vent pressure during diastole which is close to zero
140
aortic stenosis arterial pulse wave form
low systole pressure bc dec blood in aorta
| slow pressure rise to systole
141
atherosclerosis arterial pulse wave form
multiple wave as pressure decreases because of reflective waves
142
a1
b1
b2
a1: vasoconstriction
b1: inc HR
b2: vasodilation
143
Vasoconstrictor center
Rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM)
| -and also CARDIO STIMULATORY CENTER
144
Vasodilator center
Caudal ventrolateral medulla (CVLM)
145
Cardioinhibitory center
Dorsal motor nucleus of vagus (DMNV) and Nucleus Ambiguous (NA)
146
Arterial Baroreceptor Reflex location
carotid sinus and aortic arch (baroreceptors)
| -short term
147
histamine
vasodilation
148
oncotic pressure
albumin inside the vessel keep H2O in vessel through osmotic pressure counteracting hydrostatic pressure
149
arterioles vs veins (filtration vs reabsorption)
arterioles: favor net filtration
veins: favor net reabsorption
150
result of blood loss
vasoconstriction which will end up favoring reabsorption because fluid will be borrowed from tissue to make up for lack of blood
151
Function of Lymph Capillaries
- Remove excess fluid and proteins from interstitial space.
| - Take up differential between filtration and reabsorption for return back to central circulation
152
edema is caused by
- Reduction in plasma proteins
- Increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
- Increased protein permeability in post capillary venules
153
Kwashiorkor Protein Deficiency
low protein diet has reduced albumin in blood resulting in inc fluid in the tissue
154
chemoreflex
-PERIPHERAL chemoreceptors on carotid and aortic body measure blood oxygen, CO2, and pH
CENTRAL in brain
-low O2, high CO2 and low pH dec parasympathetic stimulation and inc sympathetic stimulation
-Result: inc heart rate (stroke volume), vasoconstriction, and
155
Cardiopulmonary Reflexes
Goal is to minimize changes in blood pressure in response to changes in blood volume
-Located at artrio-venous junctions and pulmonary vessels of heart
-Activation: Diuresis (inc urine) (inhibition of RSNA)
ANP release (natriuresis: sodium loss)
Vasodilation – sympathetic inhibition
CAUSES LOSS OF CIRCULATING VOLUME
-Inhibition: Antidiuresis (RSNA increase)
ANP inhibition
Vasoconstriction – sympathetic activation
156
Hypothalamic Mechanisms
when high low BP the hypothalamus stimulate the post. pituitary gland to release Vasopressin/Antidiuretic Hormone (ADH)
157
angiotensinogen
inc blood pressure (released from liver)
158
pressure equation
delta P = Q (flow) x resistance
159
adenosine
vasodilation
160
Short PR (delta wave) meaning
indicates that the heart may have an alternate faster
| conduction route around the AV node, indicative of “pre-excitation"
161
long PR interval meaning
AV block (reduced speed of conduction through AV node from atrial depolarization to ventricle depolarization)
162
ST segment shift means
elevated?
depressed?
ACUTE injury
- damaged tissue (MI) or ischemic tissue
- when tissue completely dies there will be no ST segment shift
163
faster part of laminar flow
center
164
korotkoff sound
the sound turbulent flow makes when passing through narrow area
165
flow velocity through aorta -> capillaries
High flow velocity in aorta and decreases in arterioles and bottoms out in capillaries
166
inhalation S2 sound
aortic closes before pulmonic resulting in two sounds
-inhalation inc venous return, requiring the right ventricle more time for systole, resulting in a delay of the pulmonic valve closing
167
Pulse pressure
pressure difference between systolic pressure and diastolic pressure
168
arteriole constriction vs dilation
constriction: raises arterial diastolic BP and decreases capillary pressure
dilation: lowers arterial diastolic BP elevates capillary pressure
169
what happened when hemorrhage occurs and why
dec in BP because a dec in mean systemic filling (venous return)
-acutely blood vessels constrict
170
inc/dec pressure at baroreceptor
- inc: afferent discharge inc causing dec in efferent sympathetic nerve activity and HR
- dec: afferent discharge dec causing inc in efferent sympathetic nerves activity and HR
171
NE vs EPI
NE: perdominently alpha 1 (constriction)
EPI: both alpha 1 and beta 2 depending on concentration
172
Vasodilation goes hand in hand with
opening of capillary sphincters (need more nutrients)
173
Inc/dec HR effect on stroke volume and why?
Inc HR = dec SV
Dec HR = inc SV
-in order to maintain a constant CO on a beat to beat basis
174
inotropic force
contractility (without inc EDV)
175
venous return factors
blood volume
sympathetic tone
muscle pump
176
how to identify muscular arteries
internal elastic lamina
177
Mean systemic filling pressure (Psf) =
right atrial pressure when venous return equals zero
178
Semi lunar valves are anchored to
annuli fibrosae
179
Where are purkinje fibers found
in the subendocardium layer of the endocardium
180
sinus venosus
right atrium, vena cava, coronary sinus
181
primordial atrium
right and left auricle and left atrium
182
primordial ventricle
left ventricle
183
bulbus cordis (proximal 1/3)
muscular right vent
184
bulbus cordis (conus cordis)
smooth outflow portion of right and left ventricle
185
bulbus cordis (trunks arteriousus)
proximal aorta and pulmonary trunk
186
aortic sac
aorta and pulmonary artery
187
Vitelline veins form
superior mesenteric (right), splenic, and converge to make hepatic portal vein
188
superior mesenteric vein comes from
right Vitelline Vein
189
Left umbilical vein is obliterated
ligamentum teres hepatis
190
Ductus venosus is also obliterated (right umbilical vein)
ligamentum venosum
191
Double Inferior Vena Cava
persistent left sub cardinal vein
192
```
S1
Ejection Click
S2
OS
S3
S4
```
S1: closure of the mitral and tricuspid valve
Ejection Click: opening of aortic valve (aortic stenosis)
S2: closure of aortic and pulmonic valve (aortic then pulmonic)
OS: opening of mitral/tricuspid valves (abnormal stenosis)
S3: sudden tension of chordae tendinea
S4: atrial kick (stiff ventricle)
193
Accentuated S1
| Diminished S1
- exercise, sympathetic stimulation, mitral stenosis (mild)
| - AV block, high diastolic filling pressure (stiff ventricle), and severe AV stenosis
194
holosystole
all of systole (regurgitation)
195
splitting occurring in expiration
-reversed splitting (LBBB)
196
endothelin
vasoconstriction
197
Natriuretic peptide
inc in renal blood flow, sodium loss
| -fluid loss
198
pressure inc/pressure dec, afferent discharge
inc/dec
199
Angiotensin II
stimulates ACE
- vasoconstrictor
- inc thirst
- reabsorption of Na+ -> fluid retention
200
Long term control of blood pressure
1. cardiovascular compensation mechanism
2. Renin-angiosten alderstone system
3. Renal mechansim
4. Hypothalamic mechanism
5. Atrial natriuretic peptide hormone
201
Short term control of blood pressure
1. baroreceptor reflex
202
when and where is coronary blood flow least
endocardium left ventricle during isovolumic contraction
203
why is aortic regurg high for MI
in systole more than normal
| inc contraction puts more compression on CA
204
how does enterotoxin work?
inhibits NaCl resorption
activates NaCl excretion
kills intestinal epithelial cells
205
bacteria with capsule not made from polysaccharide
Bacillus anthracis
206
most common viral nucleic acid
ssRNA
207
During peak 0 phase of a cardiomyocyte what does the electrical and chemical gradient favor for Na+
chemical: in
electrical: out
208
PR interval represents and long PR interval
AV conduction (AV block)
209
Wide QRS
R/LBBB or Pre ventricular contraction (PVC) do to ischemia raising cell excitability
210
Heart beat intervals
300 150 100 75 60 50 42
211
paced by junctional tissue near the AV node
The absence of “P” waves along with a normal QRS complex morphology
212
Cor triloculare biventriculare
Complete absence of atrial septum
