BEDH Guide Flashcards

Question

Xeroderma Pigmentosum (XP)

Answer 1

Individuals who are not good at repairing damaged DNA due to an autosomal recessive genetic abnormality. Results in sensitivity to UV radiation leading to multiple skin disorders, skin malignancies, neuro and ocular abnormalities.

Answer 2

Changes in protein sequence that do not destroy protein function but alter is slightly. Can confer benefit or harm depending on the nature of the mutation.

Answer 3

1985 - scientific concerns about the ozone layer prompt governments to adopt a legal framework for action on fixing the Ozone layer

Answer 4

1987 - international negotiators adopted legally binding commitments requiring industrialized countries to reduce/eliminate ozone harming chemicals

Answer 5

Congenital disorder of neural tube development where there is an opening in the spinal column of the developing fetus, affecting as many as 1 in 800 infants.Types:Occulta - Vertebrae are malformed leading to opening covered by a layer of skinMeningocele - spinal fluid and the meninges protrude through vertebral openingMyelomeningocele - spinal cord exposed through the opening, partial or complete paralysisMultifactorial - genetic, environmental, folic acid insufficiency

Answer 6

Vitamin B12 deficiency is common. Water soluble, so it needs to be ingested daily. Comes from meat, fish, brewer's yeast, dairy. Some people have genetic predisposition to not store Vitamin B12

Answer 7

Controls levels of homocysteine which are associated with higher risk of heart disease. Converts homocysteine into methionine. Methionine then converted into S-adenosyl-methionine and tetrahydrofolate, which is critical for DNA sythesis.

Answer 8

1) Tobacco Use2) Physical inactivity3) The harmful use of alcohol4) Unhealthy diets

Answer 9

Defective enzyme in some people that make less reactive Benzo(a)pyrene (BaP) molecules (a molecule found in cigarettes which when metabolized readily reacts with DNA and can lead to mutations in the DNA and ultimately cancer). This could make people with this mutation less vulnerable to lung cancer.

Answer 10

Respiratory disease associated with exposure to air pollution, dust, and plastics. Also associated with lack of exposure to parasites. Genetic component as well, several genes have been identified which confer risk.

Answer 11

People with type 2 diabetes make insulin but their bodies don't respond well to it. Risk factors include: Family history, obesity, lack of exercise, poor diet, age, etc.

Answer 12

Continuous uncontrolled growth of cells; characterized by their ability to metastasize, or grow outside of the tissue/organ they come from

Answer 13

Abnormal proliferation of cells

Answer 14

Abnormal mass of tissues which may be solid or fluid-filled. Tumors can arise from any cell type in the body. A tumor does not necessarily mean cancer. Tumors can be benign (not cancerous), pre-malignant (pre-cancerous), or malignant (cancerous)

Answer 15

Arising from a single cell. Cancer arises from single cells, generally it takes decades for enough errors to accumulate in order for it to move from normal to pre-cancerous to actual cancer.

Answer 16

90% of cancers, arise from epithelial cells

Answer 17

Rare and consist of tumors of connective tissues (connective tissue, muscle, bone, etc.)

Answer 18

Referred to as liquid tumors. Arise from blood forming cells in the bone marrow.

Answer 19

Called liquid tumors arise from the T and B cells of the immune system.

Answer 20

First successful transmission of a tumor from one organism to another. Able to transfer tumors between chickens by injecting pieces of growth to chickens in the same bloodline (genetic component). But even when lysed and filtered, tumors still formed (infectious component). Rous had discovered a cancer-causing virus.

Answer 21

Retrovirus uses RNA as genetic material. It gets translated into DNA and then integrated into the host genomic DNA. One RNA strand is used to make viral genetic material, the other is for the packaging of the newly formed viruses. Change to host cell DNA can result in cancer if the gene that is getting replaced is a growth regulating gene.

Answer 22

Caused by a single nulceotide change in the β-globin gene in a blood cell stem cell, this cell will then produce RBCs with that mutation. This mutation is hereditary, because it was in one or more of your parents germ cells, it is now in every one of your cells.

Answer 23

Promote cell growth by coding for proteins that encourage growth and cell division. When mutated can lead to the loss of growth control, and become oncogenes (cancerous).

Answer 24

Suppress cell growth by coding for proteins that slow or block growth.

Answer 25

Oncogenes & Tumor-Suppressor Genes

Answer 26

Schottenfeld et al 2013. Estimated that up to 60% of cancer deaths in the US can be attributed to avoidable risk factors such as: - Tobacco Use - Alcohol Abuse - Ionizing and Solar Radiation - Occupational exposures - Infectious agents - Obesity - Physical Inactivity

Answer 27

Compounds that come from the burning of Carbon-based material. They are found in wood smoke, car exhaust, cigarette smoke, and charcoal-grilled foods, roasted, and smoked foods. Linked to increase risks of lung, skin, and urinary cancers.

Answer 28

1) Time Trends - lung cancer rates increase the longer people smoke 2) Geographic Variation - Differences in rates of specific cancers in particular geographical areas 3) Migration Studies - When on migrates to a new geographical area, they acquire cancers common to the new location 4) Occupational Cancers - Angiosarcoma of the liver, rare cancer found commonly in vinyl chloride workers 5) Animal Bioassays - exposure of animals to carcinogens can demonstrate that they cause cancer

Answer 29

A toxin produced by the fungus Aspergillis 1. One of the most potent carcinogens known to man. Metabolized by CYP450 into a substance that induces a specific "signature" mutation that leads to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

Answer 30

Inert multi-ring structured molecule that is metabolized by the CYP450 system into a more reactive and mutagenic set of molecules. These can bind to Adenine or Guanine in DNA, leading to a mistake in DNA synthesis.

Answer 31

Test for mutagenic potential that mixes suspected carcinogen with liver extract in order to allow for the action of CYP450 on the compound. The compound is then placed with a bacteria mutated in a gene for the synthesis of tryptophan. If the compound is mutagenic it will cause a reversion of the mutation allowing the bacteria to produce tryptophan.

Answer 32

Group 1: Carcinogenic to humans Group 2A: Probably carcinogenic to to humans Group 2B: Possibly carcinogenic to humans Group 3: Unclassified as to carcinogenicity in humans Group 4: Probably not carcinogenic to humans

Answer 33

Strong Association: - Age - Mother or sister with breast cancer - Previous breast cancer diagnosis - Dysplastic hyperplasia - Breast Density Modest - Early Age at Menarche - Late Age at Menopause - Age at first birth > 30 years - Never had children - Postmenopausal obesity - 2+ drinks of alcohol a day - High-dose radiation exposure - Oral Contraceptive Use - Hormone Replacement Therapy - Little or no exercise

Answer 34

Estrogen receptor antagonist used to prevent Estrogen Receptor-Positive Breast Cancer

Answer 35

Viruses with DNA genomes. When entering a cell they co-opt the cells machinery to synthesize virus DNA and proteins. The DNA enters the nucleus where its DNA is duplicated and RNA is made. A new viral DNA molecule is packaged into a new virus which then leaves the cell to infect other cells or spread to other individuals. Adenovirus is a an example.

Answer 36

+single strand RNA (+ssRNA) viruses have genomes that are mRNA. If they are retroviruses, they bring a DNA synthesizing enzyme with them to convert their RNA into DNA. That DNA is then inserted into the genome, and at some later time viral RNA is transcribed from the inserted section to make new virus proteins and to be the genome of the virus.

Answer 37

A virus that surround itself with the host cell membrane, called an envelope. The envelope is used to recognize the best host cells.

Answer 38

A +ssRNA but NOT a retrovirus. Rather than being integrated into the host genome, it makes a -ssRNA, used as a template for the production of proteins that then replicate the genome of the virus and its necessary proteins.

Answer 39

1) Fever - produced by factors released by cells including mast cells and macrophages, slows the rate of replication 2) Interferon - cytokines released by a cell infected with a virus 3) Natural Killer cells - cause lysis of any altered or infected cells that they encounter

Answer 40

B-cells - create antibodies which are specific to individual pathogens T-Cells - recognize and kill infected cells

Answer 41

- Carrier organisms (mosquitoes, fleas) - Air - Direct transfer of body fluids (saliva, sweat, nasal mucus, blood, semen, vaginal secretions) - Surfaces (fomites) through body fluids left behind

Answer 42

Vaccines mimic natural infections, contain weakened or destroyed viruses Macrophages engulf the virus and then present it as to the T and B cells for future identification

Answer 43

Public health concept that if large enough numbers of people are vaccinated, a measure of protection is given to the sensitive population by reducing the number of potential infected persons

Answer 44

Weakened viruses grown in a different host. Like a natural infection, so it creates a strong immune response. Can't be given to immunocompromised persons, they might not be strong enough to fight off the infection.

Answer 45

Virus is either rendered non-infectious or killed when vaccine is made. Requires multiple doses to achieve and maintain immunity. Ex: Inactivated polio vaccine

Answer 46

Viral respiratory illness caused by a corona virus. Spread by close person-to-person contact, droplets, or fomites.

Answer 47

Viral particle with two major glycoproteins: Hemagglutinin and Neuraminidase. This is where the H and the N in influenza names comes from.

Answer 48

Strains defined by tiny differences between subtypes, different versions of same H genes

Answer 49

Different strains of viruses combine to make a new virus.

Answer 50

Antiviral medication, works by preventing budding virions from departing their host cell.

Answer 51

Disease condition of compromised immunity caused by the effect of Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on the cells of the immune system. Diagnosed when certain infections begin to occur or immune response is otherwise measured as severely depressed.

Answer 52

Ebola virus is a member of the Filoviridae family of viruses that contains a single, linear, negative-sense ssRNA genome

Answer 53

1) Ebola virus (Zaire ebolavirus) causing current outbreak 2) Sudan virus (Sudan ebolavirus) associated with large outbreaks in Africa in the past 3) Bundibugyo virus (Bundibugyo ebolavirus) associated with large outbreaks in Africa in the past 4) Taï Forest virus (Taï Forest ebolavirus, formerly Côte d’Ivoire ebolavirus); 5) Reston

Answer 54

Majority of patients unable to develop sufficient immune responses. Ebola targets endothelial cells, mononuclear phargocytes, and hepatocytes. It also blocks interferon (INF) from acting normally.

Answer 55

White blood cells release large amounts of proinflammatory cytokines that increase the permeability of the vascular endothelium. This is counter-productive because it facilitates easier access to secondary viral targets, and calls macrophages to the site of infection that a virus can use to spread.

BEDH Guide Flashcards

(79 cards)