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Bee hygiene > Bee final > Flashcards

Bee final Flashcards

https://quizlet.com/209102298/bee-hygiene-flash-cards/

1
Q

Where do you see the symptoms of Ascosphaerosis larvarum (chalk brood)

A

The larva eats the spores and they penetrate the gut wall and the cuticule of the thorax. The larva will first be fluffy and swollen, and then get covered in white cotton like mycelium. The larva in the cell will resemble a chunk of chalk. Fruiting bodies (spore cysts of the fungi) can be seen on the dead larvas.

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2
Q

The life of the workers/queen/drone

A 
Workers:
- 1-2 days: cleaning of cells
- 3-5 days: feeding older larvae
- 6-11 days: feeding younger larvae
- 12-17 days: comb construction
- 18-21 days: gardening-defending functions
- from 22nd day: foraging for pollen and nectar
Queen:
16 days → 3+5+8

Drone:
24 days → 3+7+14

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3
Q

The dance of the bee

A

It is a way bee’s show eachother where they have found nectar and pollen. With the help of the location of the sun and the gravity they can signal to the other workers where they need to go.

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4
Q

Where does the HMV cause disease

A

???

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5
Q

What does Nosema infect

A

It is a parasitic infection of adults (mostly workers, but also queen and drone). The affect the epithelium of the mid-gut.

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6
Q

Which colours do the bee’s see, and which not

A

They can see UV-light but not red light, the red light will seem black to the bee.

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7
Q

For how many hours can you lock the bee hive

A

The can be closed for maximum 72 hours.

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8
Q

How long do you have to boil the comb(temperature also)

A

You have to heat it at 49 degrees for 24 hours. It will kill all stages of wax moths.

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9
Q

Which diseases belong to the OIE-B

A
  • Acariosis of bees
  • American foulbrood
  • European foulbrood
  • Nosemosis of bees
  • Varroosis
    → according to google

Nosomosis
Ascarpiosis
→ according to old questions

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10
Q

What is honeydew

A

It is a classification of honey that refers to honey produced by honeybees collecting nectar that is exuded from another insect such as an aphid or scale insect. Very common is the one from the Black Forest in Germany.

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11
Q

When do the bee’s produce most wax

A

When they want to build and strengthen the comb, and produce more cells. Mostly between 12-17 days.

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12
Q

When did they first observe Varroa destructor in Hungary

A

First discovered in Europe in 1970’s, and in 1978 in Hungary.

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13
Q

Which disease smells sour

A

The European Foulbrood gives a sour smell of the dead larvae.

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14
Q

Which disease causes gondola-like scale

A

The Sacbrood Virus (SBV) causes a dried down larva with a flattened gondola-shaped scale.

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15
Q

How many days are needed for the larva to develop from the egg

A

3 days are needed.

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16
Q

Write the workers tasks

A

Workers:

  • 1-2 days: cleaning of cells
  • 3-5 days: feeding older larvae
  • 6-11 days: feeding younger larvae
  • 12-17 days: comb construction
  • 18-21 days: gardening-defending functions
  • from 22nd day: foraging for pollen and nectar
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17
Q

How many brood cells can be collected from 10x10 cm comb

A

16 days → 3+5+8

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18
Q

Treatment and prevention of Nosemosis apium

A

Treatment: fumagillin or other antibiotics and disinfection of hives and combs (if no honey or pollen is present formalin or acetic acid can be used).
Prevention: move the colonies to a new place in the autumn, give sufficient syrup and disinfect the hives and combs.

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19
Q

When does Nosemosis occur

A

At the end of winter and in spring time.

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20
Q

Which do belong to the OIE category

A
  • Acariosis of bees
  • American foulbrood
  • European foulbrood
  • Nosemosis of bees
  • Varroosis
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21
Q

List the names of the European and Indian honey bees

A

European: Apis mallifera
Indian: Apis cerana

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22
Q

What is the pathogen of chalk brood

A

Ascosphera apis

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23
Q

Which are zoonotic

A

Stone brood disease: Aspergillus flavus and A.fumigatus

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24
Q

Write 4 names of drugs to treat Varroosis

A

Lots of drugs with akaricid effect:

  • amitraz
  • Folbex VA
  • Cymazol
  • Perizin
  • Fluvalinat
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25
Q

Diagnostic method for American Foulbrood

A
  • Inspection of the combs and the dead larvae.
  • Studying the scales in UV light.
  • You can put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (74 C). It will form milk curdles within a minute - if it is infected. Normal healthy larvae would use 13 min.
  • You can stain the spores with methylene blue.
  • Cultivate the bacteria in Columbia agar and with CO2. Use PCR.
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26
Q

Two types of CPV

A

Type 1: Paralysis “Isle of Wight disease” → trembeling in body and wings, can’t fly, bloated abdomen due to distension of the honey sac, die within a few days

Type 2: Black robbers “little blacks” → become hairless, dark/black shiny, look smaller, trembly, flightless, dies quickly

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27
Q

Write 2 secondary bacteria causing foul odour and sour smell

A

Bacterium eurydice
Streptococcus faecalis
Bacillus alvei
Bacillus laterosporus

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28
Q

Write the name of wax moth

A

The great wax moth → Galleria melonella
The lesser wax moth → Achroia grisella
The Mediterranean flour moth → Anagasta kuehniella

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29
Q

What are the larva glands

A

The larva has only spinning glands

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30
Q

What is bee louse

A

Braula coeca → it is a brown wingless fly, which can be found on the bodies of workers and queens, and sometimes drones

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31
Q

What is the sac brood

A

It is a viral infection which infect young larvae. They cant shed their last larval skin and die within it.

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32
Q

What causes flattened gondola shaped scale

A

The Sacbrood virus in the last stage when the larva dries down to a flattened gondola shaped scale

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33
Q

List 4 instruments for bee keeping

A
  • Hive → rectangular frames with combs
  • Queen excluder → grids
  • Extractor → centrifugate
  • Uncapper → fork, electrical heated knife
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34
Q

Honey enzymes

A

invertase, diastase

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35
Q

What is milk test

A

A method to diagnose American Foulbrood: You can put a dry scale into 6 drops of warm milk (74 C). It will form milk curdles within a minute, if it is infected. Normal healthy larvae would use 13 min.

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36
Q

Taxonomy of bees

A

Hymenoptera → Aculeata → Apidae → Apis…

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37
Q

Which Varroa species lives where

A

The Korean haplotype → most common, Africa, Europe, Middle East, Asia, America (Varroa destructor)
The Japan-Thailand haplotype → Japan, Thailand, America (Varroa jacobsoni)

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38
Q

What is used against Varroa

A

Lots of drugs with akaricid effect:

  • amitraz
  • Folbex VA
  • Cymazol
  • Perizin
  • Fluvalinat
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39
Q

What causes apimyiasis

A

Senotainia tricuspis

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40
Q

What is Braula

A

It is the Braula coeca → the bee louse

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41
Q

When is the cleaning flight and what is it for

A

It is right after winter, when the workers fly out from the hives to defecate. To prevent dirt inside the hive

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42
Q

What happens before the winter

A

The drones are expelled from the hive. The bee keeper will clean, feed sugar syrup, take a Varroa control and otherwise prepare for the winter.

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43
Q

How many % of the Varroa males survive after the winter

A

Non of the males will survive, because they die right after mating

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44
Q

What is the royal jelly

A

Is a substance produced by the pharyngeal glands, a combination of honey and pollen which is fed to the young larvae and the queen.

45
Q

What is American Foulbrood

A

It is one of the most dreaded bacterial bee diseases in the world. It is very contagious. The disease of brood caused by Paenibacillus larvae. It has to be reported to the OIE.

46
Q

What is Aspergilliosis caused by

A

It is caused by the Stone-brood, which is caused by Aspergillus flavus and fumigatus

47
Q

What must be collected when suspecting poisoning of the bees

A

1 litre of dead bees, and samples of plants

48
Q

What is used against malpighamoebosis

A

There are no effective treatments against it.

49
Q

Where do the symptoms of Ascosphera apis (chalk brood) occur

A

It occur on the body, but not on the head. They are found in the outer fringes of the brood nest. It is most common in late spring/early summer

50
Q

Life span of worker bee’s

A

Summer: 4-6 weeks
Winter: 6-7 months

51
Q

Which organ is the target of nosemosis

A

The epithelial cells of the midgut

52
Q

Which colour does bee’s see

A

UV light

53
Q

Which occurs in Hungary

A

Varroa destructor or jacobsoni?Varroa destructor

54
Q

Small bee hive bug

A

Aethina tumida; light, yellowish brown at first, but becomes black when its fully mature. Covered with fine hairs. Put stress on the colonies. Larvae are scavengers and eat live brood and honey, defecate in the honey, promote fermentation.

55
Q

Which Haplo type occurs in Hungary

A

Japanese or Korean?The Korean type

56
Q

When and how to protect against Varroa

A

It is done at autumn, and by drugs with akaricid effect:

  • amitraz
  • Folbex VA
  • Cymazol
  • Perizin
  • Fluvalinat
  • Formic acid
  • Coumaphos
  • (heated air)
57
Q

2 genuses of flies causing Apimyiasis

A

Melaloncha ronnai: brazil

Rondaniooestrus apivorus: South Africa

58
Q

What is the result of the European foulbrood

A

Larvae appear off white, progressing to brown, become displaced in their cells and then they die. The dead larvae are flaccid, brownish and have a foul odour or sour smell.

59
Q

What is the result of American foulbrood

A

Infected brood turn chocholate-brown and melt into a mass on the floor of the cell and they often develope a syndrome called “pupual tongue” where the tongue protrudes from the scale to the center of the cell. It gives off a fish-glue-like smell. A month after a very dark brown scale can be found in the lower part of the cell, and it is very difficult to remove.

60
Q

What are the foulbrood bacterias

A 
Paenibacillus larvae (Gr+, spore forming) → american foulbrood
Melissococcus pluton (Gr+, no spores) → european foulbrood
61
Q

How to diagnose viral diseases

A
  • Cultivation in adult for antiserum production
  • Agar gel diffusion test
  • Elisa
  • Symptoms
62
Q

What is propolis

A

A combination of plant waxes and resins collected from buds and tree wounds, used for insulation of the hives

63
Q

Which bee is in Europe

A

Apis mellifera

64
Q

Which bacterium can be isolated from an uncapped dead larva

A

Melissococcus pluton (european foulbrood) → infected larva is detected and ejected by nurse bees
M. pluton + secondary organisms → the larva dies before it is capped and are detected by nurse bees.
Bacillus alvei → the diseased larva is capped and fails to pupate

65
Q

How long is the development of the worker

A

21 days → 3+6+12

66
Q

How many laraval stages are there in the bee

A

There are 5 larval stages

67
Q

Which sex of mite infects the trachea of the bee

A

The female infests itself in the trachea and lays her eggs, only after 11-12 days after the first males appear.

68
Q

Which will be sick of Nosemosis

A

The adults, mainly workers but sometimes also queens and drones may be infected

69
Q

Which colour can the bee see that we can’t

A

UV light

70
Q

What is the agent causing Nosemosis, and what is the infective form of it

A

Nosema apis/ceranae; spore

71
Q

How many breathing holes have the bee

A

10 pair of spiracles

72
Q

How do the larva of European foulbrood look like

A

The larva appear offwhite, progressing to brown, when its dead it is brownish and before it decompose it is gelatinous and the contents of the guts are chalk white (normally golden brown)

73
Q

How old are the larva that can be sick of sacbrood

A

They are 2 days

74
Q

To whom is the royal jelly given

A

Queen, and queen larva, and eggs are laid into it

75
Q

What will hatch from a haploid fertilized egg

A

a drone

76
Q

Name 2 glands of workers

A

Pharyngeal gland

Wax gland

77
Q

Describe the compound eye

A

It has 3 ocelli and 2 oculus

78
Q

Drones comes from haploid eggs which are always not fertilized

A

…

79
Q

What is the task of 3-5 days old workers

A

Feeding older larvae

80
Q

Name 4 viral diseases

A
  • Chronic paralysis virus (CPV)
  • Acute bee-paralysis virus (APV)
  • Sacbrood virus (SBV)
  • Deformed wing virus (DWV)
  • Cloudy wing virus (CWV)
81
Q

Cause of sacbrood

A

Sacbrood virus

82
Q

What is Bee wolf

A

Philanthus triangulum; it is a wasp

83
Q

What is the cause of American foulbrood

A

Paenibacillus larvae

84
Q

What is stonebrood

A

It is a fungal infection by Aspergillus flavus + fumigatus which causes aspergillosis

85
Q

What is the infective form of Malpighamoebosis

A

The cysts

86
Q

What ages of bees are susceptible to malpighamoebosis

A

The adult bees, they ingest the cysts

87
Q

Treatment of Nosemosis

A

Fumagillin or other antibiotics, and cleaning and disinfection of the hives and combs

88
Q

One cause of apimyasis

A

Senotainia tricuspis
Melaloncha ronnai
Rondaniooestrus apivorus

89
Q

What does hygienic strain mean

A

Recessive trait of 2 genes k+r

90
Q

Name 2 non infectious diseases

A 
Lethal gene
Chilled brood
Overheated brood
Starved brood
Neglected brood
91
Q

Where is the infectious nosema

A

Epithelium of mid gut

92
Q

Colony collapse disorder

A

Cause losses up to 30-90%,
Collapsed colonies: complete absense of adult bees, presence of of capped brood , presence of food stores, both honey and bee bread
Actively collapsing: insufficient workforce, young adult bees, queen is present, cluster is relucted to consume provided feed.

93
Q

Where is the wax gland found

A

Between 3-6 segment in workers

94
Q

Pathogen of Chalk brood

A

Ascosphaera apis

95
Q

Name two wasp species

A

Philantus triangulum “bee wolf”

Vespa crabro “horse wasp”

96
Q

Causative agent of EFB (european foulbrood)

A

Melissococcus pluton

97
Q

Development of drones takes

A

24 days: 3+7+14

98
Q

Describe drone eye

A

A large pair of ocelus and 3 ocelli.

99
Q

Which diagnostic method is used to detect nosema

A

Microscopic examination of dead adults and their digestive tract; in ifected bees the ventriculus is white, soft and swollen. (healty; straw brown, circular constrictions are clearly seen)

100
Q

Which diagnostic methods are used to detect sacbrood virus

A

The findings of dried larva with flattened gondola shaped scales

101
Q

The varrola males are found on

A

Only in capped cells, where they will mate with the female and after die. They prefer drone brood

102
Q

Where do the Varroa overwinter

A

On the adult bees, while they feed of haemolymph

103
Q

Which enzymes are there in honey, and where are they produced

A

Invertase og diastase, they are produced in the pharyngeal glands

104
Q

Treatment of wax moth

A
  • cleaning of hives at frequent intervals
  • acetic acid can be used for fumigating combs, but the larvae are resistant
  • formic acid kills the larvae
  • heating the combs in 49C for 24 hours kills all stages
  • certan-26
105
Q

Bacterium of the foulbrood and its characteristics

A

American FB → Paenibacillus larvae; Gr+, slender rod shaped, 2,5-5 microm, motile with flagella
European FB → Melissococcus pluton; Gr+, no spores, lacet shaped, 0,5-0,7 microm, occurs singly/pairs/chains, can survive in the cell for many years

106
Q

What is the distance of/how big is the locational quarantine

A

They should be kept 3km or more away from the areas that are to be sprayed with insecticides

107
Q

What causes the spring septicaemia

A

The american foulbrood

108
Q

How long is the monitoring of the foulbrood

A

…

Bee hygiene (1 decks)

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