Bee Health Flashcards
(188 cards)
What is the main objective of good apiary hygiene? 2
- To prevent the spread of disease and keep bees healthy - even low levels can make bees more suseptible to other diseases
- To prevent the contamination of honey
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Acronym
Reco: learn the acronym first to give you the shape of the full answer, then the sub answers
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- Bee management
- Apiary management
- Comb replacement
- Kit cleaning
- Personal equipment
- Feeding precautions
- Robbing prevention
- Quarantine practice
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer Bees management 3
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BEES management
- Quarantine swarms until known to be disease free.
- If colony a dies unexpectedly, seal to prevent robbing
- Regularly monitor for varroa, which carry pathogen
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer apiary management 5
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APIARY management
- Give colonies enough space which also reduces stress which can make bees more susceptible to disease
- Arrange hives randomly and paint entrances different colours to reduce drifting
- Keep apiary clean and tidy so never leave old comb/equipment about
- Keep kit store shut up to prevent bees crawling over kit.
- Store supers over a QE to keep out mice, prevent mould and allow spiders to control wax moth
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer comb replacement 7
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COMB replacement
- Never put supers on the ground - botulism
- Put brace comb and propolis in container and remove
- Replace brood comb at least every 3 years
- Dispose of old comb quickly
- Never exchange comb/brood/super frames between colonies unless you know they are free from disease
- Never buy old combs/use second hand combs
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene 4+4 supplementaries
Long answer Kit cleaning
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KIT cleaning
- Avoid inspection cloths as these can harbour disease
- Clean all kit before reuse
- Thoroughly disinfect second hand kit
- Kill pathogens by
- Scraping and scorching old boxes
- Boiling frames in washing soda solution
- Freezing old combs
- Fumigating DRY combs with 80% acetic acid/
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer Personal equipment 5
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PERSONAL equipment
- Use disposable gloves
- Keep bucket w lid soda 1kg/5l to rinse marigolds and tools between inspections
- Clean smokers and bellows regularly in washing soda
- Wash suit, veil etc with 1/2 cup washing soda after each apiary inspection
- Wash boots after hive visit
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer Feeding precautions 5+4 supplementaries
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FEEDING precautions
- Reduce robbing by feeding
- in the evenings after they’ve stopped flying
- all colonies in apiary at the same time
- nucs after 48 hours, after flying bees have left
- avoiding spillages – wash away with water
- Never make up syrup with brown sugar as is causes diarrhoea
- Wait 48 hours to feed swarms so they consume all their stores in making comb and store none
- Don’t feed syrup too late in the year when it is too cold to ripen and cap it, resulting in fermentation.
- Feed in the right concentration: 1lb:1pint for immediate use; 2lb:1pint when laying down stores.
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer Robbing prevention 8
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ROBBING prevention
- Keep kit well maintained and bee-tight
- Open hives for minimum time and keep cover boards over supers while inspecting brood.
- Feed all colonies in the apiary in the evening after they have finished flying
- Avoid spillages and leaky feeders. Dilute spilt feed with water immediately
- Never let honey drop from supers without cleaning it up
- Return wet supers in the evening and not leave supers/frames out for cleaning
- Leave a freshly made up nuc 48 hours minimum so fliers to leave before feeding (Hooper says 6 days).
- Reduce entrance to one bee space if necessary
List the good management practices that support good apiary hygiene
Long answer Quarantine practice
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- Colony quarantine
- Avoid moving combs/bees/equipment from one colony to another
- Mark super frames and boxes and return to same colony after extraction
- Return wet supers to original colony
- Apiary quarantine
- Avoid moving combs/bees/equipment between apiaries
- Isolation apiaries
- Move all known infected colonies and those though to be at risk to an single colony under licence from NBI
Describe briefly a method for dealing with old brood boxes and frames which have been removed. 4
- All scrapings must be collected and burnt
- Flame/scorch inside the box with a blowtorch, paying close attention to crevices and corners
- Frames. if in good condition, cut out wax and burn it, scrape and scrub frames in hot soda solution - 1kg soda/ 5l water - rinse and dry, OR steam.
- DO NOT flame frames - fire risk
How to clean polystyrene brood box 4
- Scrape off any excess wax or propolis
- Soak the whole hive in washing soda solution (1kg to 5 litres of water) with a dash of washing up liquid. Scrub clean using marigolds and PPE.
- Sterilise with bleach.
- Rinse and air dry
How to clean other kit etc queen excluders 2
- Scrape and scorch or steam wire excluders
- Freeze and scrape plastic excluders
Define drifting 1
Drifting is when bees which leave one colony and join another
What are the dangers of drifting 5
- Spread of disease
- Weakens colonies that loose significant numbers of bees this way
- Potential overcrowding in recipient colony
- Conducive to robbing
- Queen loss when flying for mating
Drifting prevention tips 3+4 supplementaries
- Space hives at least 3’ apart so the wind does not gust them into the wrong entrance
- If two hives on a stand, point them in different directions
- Make it easy for bees to find their own entrances. EG
- Entrance colours
- Discreet landmarks
- Avoid repeated patterns
- Arrange hives in a circle with colonies facing outwards
Robbing prevention 8
- Keep kit well maintained and bee-tight
- Open hives for minimum time and keep cover boards over supers while inspecting brood.
- Feed all colonies in the apiary in the evening after bees have finished flying
- Avoid spillages and leaky feeders. Dilute spilt feed with water immediately
- Never let honey drop from supers without cleaning it up
- Return wet supers in the evening and do not leave supers/frames out for cleaning
- Leave a freshly made up nuc 48 hours minimum so fliers to leave before feeding (Hooper says 6 days).
- Reduce entrance to one bee space if necessary
Once robbing has started, what to do 6+3
- If wasps are about, put out wasp traps. Seek and destroy wasp nest.
- Reduce entrance size
- Close holes/gaps with foam
- Close down to 1 bee space with a block of wood
- Temporarily stuff entrance with green grass
- Close off OMF to reduce smells
- Create a tunnel entrance by placing a piece of pipe about two inches long at the entrance to help guards
- Put a board/piece of glass in front of entrance to confuse robbers
- Move colony being robbed away 3 miles but leave a comb with a small amount of honey for robbers. They will think they have finished. If a hive is robbed out, leave it in position. Moving it will cause bees to seek out other nearby hives to attack.
What are the possible consequences of robbing 4
- Spreading disease
- Loss of bees through fights to death
- Starvation
- Nasty, aggressive bees
When is robbing is likely to be a problem 3
- Late July/August
- Cessation of a major honey flow
- When supers are removed
How often should you change comb 1
Ideally every two years. At least every three years
Why replace comb 8
- Build up of pathogens in wax
- Wax impregnated with chemicals from varroa treatment, which could cause resistance in varroa
- Wax can retain insecticides from environment
- Curtails moth infestation (feed on pupae skins)
- Cells get smaller with layers of propolis
- Makes morecomb available for brood rearing.
- Excessive amounts of or inconveniently placed drone comb
- Drawing new comb helps in preventing swarming (young bees are busy drawing out foundation)
Give three methods of replacing comb 3
- Gradual replacement
- Bailey comb change
- Shook swarm
How do you replace frames gradually? 4
- Aim to replace 4 frames a year
- During the year move older comb to edge of box and add new foundation to outside of brood nest.
- Do not break up brood nest.
- Cut out and burn old comb. Boil frames in washing soda and reuse.