Beef Final Flashcards
(142 cards)
1
Q
how many cattle are in the US
A
80 to 100 million
2
Q
what is the cattle cycle
A
there are economic pressures on the fed cattle side of the industry that result in the market being more favorable to produce calves but it takes about 9 years to be seen in the total inventory
3
Q
while beef production has been consistent, what has happened to cattle inventory
A
cattle inventory has declined because we are improving efficiency via genetics
4
Q
T/F the US is a net importer of beef
A
F: exporter
5
Q
what are the two primary countries from which beef is imported from
A
canada and mexico
6
Q
what are sources of cattle/types of operations that provide cattle to feedlots
A
- cow calf
- stocker
- backgrounder
- seedstock/showstock
7
Q
how many pounds of middle meats would you expect to receive if you purchased a 1500 finishing steer that produced USDA YG 3 carcass
A
1,500 lbs × 0.62 (DP) = 930 lbs
930 lbs × 0.23 = ~214 lbs in middle meats
8
Q
if you purchased a 1500 finished steer for $2/lbs of live weight and paid $900 for custom harvesting how much would you have paid per pound of packaged beef
A
$3,000 + $900 = $3,900 total cost
1,500 × 0.62 = 930 lbs
930 lbs × 0.64 = 595.2 lbs packaged beef
$3,900 ÷ 595.2 lbs ≈ $6.55 per pound
9
Q
number of beef cows in MO
A
4.3 million
10
Q
percent of US beef cows in MO
A
4.5%
11
Q
age at first calf
A
24 mo
12
Q
gestation length
A
280 d
13
Q
calving interval
A
12 mo
14
Q
BIF weaning age
A
205 d
15
Q
days open
A
0
16
Q
what do the US regions with high numbers of beef cows have in common
A
- access to forages (altitude, rainfall, typography, latitude)
- cow is factory, calf is product
17
Q
benefits of current structure of cow calf industry
A
- variation in animals means increased resilience
- no monopolization of industry because horizontal integration
18
Q
disadvantages of current structure of cow calf industry
A
- variation in product decreases consistency in product
- slow to improve because cow calf producers are not buyers
19
Q
compare and contrast the size and number of feedlot and cow calf operations
A
- cow calf has large number of small producers, most under 500 hd
- feedlots have small number of large operations, >1000 > <1000 hd
20
Q
what is the main product marketed by cow calf operations
A
weaned calves
21
Q
when do beef cows reach mature body weight
A
4-6 yrs old
22
Q
YEAR IN THE LIFE OF A BEEF COW
A
- 1 d: calving calf 1, lactating calf 1
- 3 mo: resume estrus, breed for calf 2, lactating calf 1
- 6-7 mo: wean calf 1, pregnant calf 2
- 365 d: calving calf 2, lactating calf 2
23
Q
primary advantage of storing silage in bunker silo compared to bags/vertical silos
A
more uniform feeding quality
24
Q
how should you sample hay in round bales
A
with a hay corer; 45 degrees from the top (10-20 samples in all)
25
T/F: wet chemistry is more accurate than NIR
T
26
processes that beef cows at mature body weight partition nutrients where (other than maintenence)
- pregnancy
- lactation
- health
- adding condition
27
pro of storing hay outside
inexpensive
28
con of storing hay outside
lots of waste
29
pro of storing hay inside
maintains nutrients better
30
con of storing hay inside
risk of hay fire
31
pro of hay feeder
minimizes waste
32
con of hay feeder
can be unsafe
33
pro of feeding on ground
less concentration of mud
34
con of feeding on ground
more waste
35
why are 2-3 yo cows most at risk for being culled
they have the highest nutrient requirements because they are growing and expected to get pregnant and stay pregnant which can be difficult if their needs cannot be met
36
management choice we can mitigate 2-3 yo culling
separate based on nutrient requirements and feed heifers best
37
most nutrient demanding part of a beef cows year
3mo post calving when they are resuming estrus at peak lactation
38
how much of a cow calf operations total operating costs are feed
70%
39
what is one way energy needs associated with cold stress can be decreased
windbreaks can lessen wind as a multiplyer of energy needs
40
what form of castration has a greater negative perception
surgical because it is bloody and it seems more damaging to the welfare of the animal
41
BCS scale in beef
1-9
42
BCS for cows at calving should be
5-6
43
options to supplement energy and protein
- loose
- free choice
- TMR
44
steps to determine how much energy and protein supplementation is needed
- determine requirements
- determine if forage meets requirements
- determine how much supplementation is needed based on the difference of requirements and current intake
45
how to prevent thin cows at weaning
- match forage availability and quality with peak lactation (change time frame of breeding/calving)
- supplement forage post weaning so inputs are low but she responds well and adds condition
46
why are major calving seasons what they are
to match forage availability with peak lactation
47
main goals of heifer development
- attain puberty
- grow
- get pregnant
48
strategy for gain in heifer development
stair stepping; meeting nutrient requirements to reach target weight while balancing inputs
49
target body weight at heifer breeding
60%
50
heat detection methods
- estrotech patch
- kamar patch
- chin ball marker
51
T/F: most cow calf operations use AI
F
52
benefits of AI
- spreading best genetics quickly
- smaller calving window
53
benefits of GEEPDs
increases accuracy of the EPDs so you know what you are buying
54
economic selection indexes are helpful in sire selection why
they allow us to combine EPDs into traits often looked for together to ease selection decisions
55
main events of stage 1 of parturition
cervical dilation
56
main events of stage 2 of parturition
expulsion of membranes/fluids and finally fetus
57
main events of stage 3 of parturition
expulsion of placenta
58
colostrum importance
IGgs for passive transfer, high in nutrients
59
colostrum should be consumed when
0-6 hrs
60
ways to preg check
- ultrasound
- rectal palpation
61
why is preg checking important
know who is open for calving and culling
62
pro of MLV
only need one dose
63
pro of killed vax
less risks and restrictions on timing
64
con of MLV
delicate handling required
65
con of killed vax
need 2 doses
66
important timepoints for vax of cow
- prebreeding
- preg check
67
important timepoints for vax of calf
- processing
- weaning
68
scours vs BRD timeframes for calves
- scours <3wks
- BRD >3wks
69
negative consequences of pre-weaning calves from poor late gestational nutrition dams
- slower development
- less vigor
- less cold tolerance
- less scours tolerance and recovery
70
T/F: when looking for CE bull, BW EPD should be high
F
71
T/F: when looking for post weaning growth, YW EPD percentile should be low
T
72
T/F: greater likelihood of genetic transmission accuracy should be high
T
73
how to reduce dystocias
select for high CED bulls with low BW; don't nutrient restrict dams
74
downsides to producing hay
- more waste than grazing
- more expensive than grazing
75
benefits of incorporating stocker cattle in cow calf operations
diversifying your stock increases your economic resilience and decrease economic risk; especially beneficial in times of drought and economic instability
76
what are USDA thickness scores
numerical scale that determines the muscling on a calf
77
how does thickness score relate to feeder calf pricing
less thickness is discounted because there is a lower probability of survivability even though there is more growth potential
78
what is the slide and why does it occur
the slide accounts for shifts in product and pricing from expected when selling feeder cattle; it protects prices and it lowers risk. it ensures that the lighter the cattle, the more they are worth per cwt and the heavier they are the more they are worth per hd because heavier means less potential for growth later
79
factors that influence feeder calf pricing
- horns
- sex
- muscling
- frame
80
why are feeder prices for heifers less than steers
because there is less potential for gain in the future
81
how do you tell a newborn calf found dead breathed
- no mucus in nostrils
- lung buoyancy
82
how do you tell a newborn calf found dead stood
milk in stomach
83
T/F: a calf can meet its genetic potential for high productivity even if its dam is fed and managed poorly
F
84
what is the most common reason for cow calf producers to early wean calves
end lactation to improve condition of thin cows by improving nutrient balance
85
grazing management methods to improve pasture and livestock productivity
rotational grazing and intensive foraging
86
Mott curves
- stocking rate x animal output
- first peak is individual animal performance (gain/hd) and is uneconomical at peak
- second peak is land area (gain/acre) and is unstable at peak
- ideal zone is immediately after intersection
87
mott curves as tool to understand stocking rates
it illustrates the trade offs between gain/hd and gain/acre which directly correlates to $$; there is profit lost if you as a producer do not optimize stocking density to maximize within reason your gain/acre
88
5-way vax is for
BRD
89
what percentage of cattle in stocker/backgrounder/feedlot operations are impacted by subclinical respiratory disease
30%
90
what percentage of cattle in stocker/backgrounder/feedlot operations are impacted by clinical respiratory disease
22.6%
91
what impact does rapid rates of gain during stocker/backgrounder phase have on HCW
maxing ADG can decrease HCW
92
compensatory growth
phenomenon that occurs when calves that are malnourished prior to weaning experience when they are weaned and provided nourishment that meets their genetic potential for growth
93
principle role of stocker/backgrounder sector
it evens out beef production rate caused by calving seasons coinciding with forage availability and it is needed because it balances the supply year round
94
at what point after arrival do mortalities among calves reflect ineffectiveness of health protocols
<6wks
95
at what point after arrival do mortalities among calves reflect ineffectiveness of management
>6wks
96
why are infections of the lungs in cattle more severe
there is less vascularity and therefore it is easier to damage more tissue
97
value of gain and importance
- the driver of price determination for cattle; what the market is willing to pay you to add weight to an animal at any given time.
- it is important to be able to measure the efficiency of your management from the money perspective
98
greatest contributor to fed price
HCW
99
VAC programs guarantee what
- healthier calves; have been vaxxed
- days weaned prior to marketing
- better feedlot performance
100
methods of drug administration
- repeating or disposable syringe
- feed
- dart gun
101
newly received calves have decreased intake because
they may not be accustomed to eating/drinking in this setting or eating grain at all
102
ways to mitigate decreased intake of newly received calves
- increase forages (comfort food)
- disrupt flow of perimeter to show food/water sources
- flood to show water source
103
types of feedlot housing
- covered slatted floor
- covered bed pack
- partially covered
- open
104
open dry lot space/hd
150-300ft2/hd
105
mound purpose
provide rest area from mud; NOT to store manure
106
T/F: 75% of the pen should be able to fit on the mound
F: ALL should fit
107
covered, bedded confinement space/hd
35-40 ft2/hd
108
covered, slatted floor confinement space/hd
32-35 ft2/hd
109
goals of feedlot for animals <30d
acclamation (lower rate of gain)
110
goals of feedlot for animals >30d
high fat gain (higher food/lb of gain)
111
percentage of feedlots that provide shade
17%
112
yardage
cost of the animal being housed at the feedlot (hotel room rates; includes feed, housing, everything else)
113
T/F: energy & protein requirements are based on
composition of gain
T
114
T/F: as body weight increases, on a percent of gain basis, fat increases
T
115
T/F: as body weight increases, on a percent of gain basis, protein increases
F
116
point at which protein and fat intersect on a percent of gain basis is what milestone
puberty
117
feed technology
The application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes in food for animals
118
feed technologies used for
- Improve efficiency of human food production from animals
- Improve health
- Minimize parasites
- Reduce environmental effects of livestock production
119
Type A drugs
pure form of the drug from a pharmaceutical company sold to a licensed feed mill
120
Type B drugs
not intended to be delivered directly to the animal; supplement ingredients
121
Type C drugs
feed, TMR
122
T/F: VFD targeted enforcement on farms
F: mostly at feed mills
123
tetracycline
- fed at sub-therapeutic doses for improved weight gain
- therapeutic doses used to treat bacterial pneumonia and anaplasmosis in cattle
- usually to be used to counteract sub optimal housing conditions
124
ionophores
- no therapeutic use in humans or animals
- increase efficiency of ruminal fermentation
125
monensin
results in smaller, less frequent meals (very useful in feedlot acclamation)
126
tylosin can result...
liver abscess
127
IGR
- insect growth regulator
- regulated by EPA not FDA
128
how far can a fly travel in its lifetime
15 miles
129
why would we want to suppress estrus
cycling is energetically costly
130
when would we use Melengestrol Acetate (MGA)
to suppress cycling
131
B-adrenergic agonists
used to increase muscle growth by increasing EPI and NE; lots of welfare and health concerns
132
T/F: combination implants are used on heifers
F: used on steers because they have estrogen and testosterone precursors
133
implant function
increase carcass weight
134
implants can only work if...
nutrient availability is adequate
135
burgers should be cooked to
well done; ground means all risky
136
hot dogs should be cooked to
doesn't matter; already cooked
137
steaks should be cooked to
rare; outside is only risky part
138
calculations for forage supply
- forage type with condition = lbs/acre
- lbs/acre * forage height = lbs DM/acre
- lbs DM/acre * % utilization = final supply in lbs DM/acre
139
calculations for forage demand
- lbs of animals * DMI = lbs/d
- lbs/d * d = final demand in lbs DM/#d
140
calculations for acres needed for grazing period
demand / supply
141
calculations for % utilization
- forage type with condition = lbs/acre
- lbs/acre * forage height = lbs DM/acre
- (initial lbs/acre - final lbs/acre) / initial lbs/acre
142
revisit necropsy lab worksheet
revisit necropsy lab worksheet
