Before Midterm

Question 1

Epidemic

Answer 1

The occurrence in a community of cases of illness, health-related behavior in excess of the normal expectancy

Question 2

Pandemic

Answer 2

An epidemic occurring worldwide, or usually affecting large number of people

Question 3

Population Health

Answer 3

Improving the health outcomes of a group of individuals, preventing disease and prolonging life

Question 4

Determinants

Answer 4

A factor that brings about a change in health status.

Question 5

Exposures

Answer 5

Contact with the disease-causing factor

Question 6

Outcome

Answer 6

All the possible results that may stem from exposure to a causal factor

Question 7

Morbidity

Answer 7

Illness due to a disease

Question 8

Mortality

Answer 8

Death due to a disease

Question 9

Epidemiologic Transition

Answer 9

A shift in the patterns of morbidity and mortality from causes related primarily to infectious and communicable diseases to causes associated with chronic, degenerative diseases

Question 10

Demographic Transition

Answer 10

A shift from high birth rates and death rates found in agrarian societies to much lower birth and death rates in developed countries.

Question 11

Hippocrates

Answer 11

Contributed to epidemiology by departing away from superstitious reasons for disease outbreaks. Could be caused by the environment. His book is “On Airs, Waters and Places”

Question 12

Black Death

Answer 12

(1346-1352) Claiming up to 1/3 of the population of Europe, as a result to the Bubonic Plague (thought). Characterized by swollen lymph nodes, fever and black splotches on the skin.

Question 13

Pneumonic Plague

Answer 13

Advanced bubonic plague, passed directly via airborne droplets coughed from lungs

Question 14

Bubonic Plague

Answer 14

Causes painful swollen lymph nodes around the groin, armpit or neck

Question 15

Septicemic Plague

Answer 15

Spreads in the blood stream, comes from field bites or plague infected body tissue

Question 16

John Snow

Answer 16

English anesthesiologist who believed cholera was transmitted by contaminated
water

Question 17

Miasmatic Theory of Disease

Answer 17

Explanation for infectious diseases held that “…disease was transmitted by a miasm, or cloud, that clung low on the surface of the earth.”

Question 18

Cholera

Answer 18

An infectious disease of the small intestine, contracted from infected water supplies and causing severe vomiting and diarrhea. Caused by Vibrio cholerae bacterium.

Question 19

Robert Koch

Answer 19

German physician, Koch’s postulates demonstrated the association between a microorganism and a disease.

Question 20

Koch’s Postulates

Answer 20

1. The organism must be observed in every case of the disease.
2. It must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The pure culture must, when inoculated into a susceptible animal, reproduce the disease.
4. The organism must be observed in, and recovered from, the experimental animal.

Question 21

Germ Theory of Disease

Answer 21

Microorganisms known as pathogens or “germs” can lead to disease.
Major People:
Joseph Lister and Louis Pasteur

Question 22

Spanish Flu

Answer 22

An influenza pandemic of (1918-1919) killing 50 to 100 million people globally.

Question 23

Penicillin

Answer 23

Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) discovered the anti- microbial properties of the mold Penicillium notatum in 1928. Became available toward the end of World War II

Question 24

Tuskegee Syphilis Trials

Answer 24

Syphilis investigation from 1932 to 1972
- Purpose was to “…record the natural history of syphilis
in hopes of justifying treatment programs for blacks….”
- Total of 600 African American men participated
• Never gave informed consent
• men were never offered treatment.

Question 25

Research Ethics

Answer 25

Norms for conduct that distinguish between acceptable and unacceptable behavior.

Question 26

Parameter

Answer 26

Measurable attribute of a population

Question 27

The Belmont Report

Answer 27

Legal works concerning ethics and health care research. Its primary purpose is to protect subjects and participants in clinical trials or research studies. This report consists of 3 principles: beneficence, justice, and respect for persons.

Question 28

Beneficence

Answer 28

Researchers should have the welfare of the research participant as a goal

Question 29

Justice

Answer 29

investigators act to secure the well-being of human research subjects, maximize benefits and minimize risks and harm.

Question 30

Institutional Review Boards

Answer 30

Housed at a university, hospital, lab, company, etc. • Reviews and approves research with human subjects • Subject to external audit, review and shut-down.

Question 31

Respect for Persons

Answer 31

Investigators must acknowledge that individual human research subjects are autonomous agents with the right of self-determination, and must give informed consent

Question 32

Beneficence

Answer 32

Investigators act to secure the well-being of human research subjects, maximize benefits and minimize risks and harm.

Question 33

Justice

Answer 33

Equitable distribution of the benefits and burdens of research. Applied to research involving human subjects, the benefits and burdens of participating in research should be distributed fairly.

Question 34

Universe

Answer 34

The total set of elements from which a sample is selected

Question 35

CRO's

Answer 35

contract research organizations. They find research subjects in resource poor settings and help scientists run their studies abroad. This raises ethical questions about whether respect for persons, justice, and beneficence are really being protected in research studies abroad that use CROs

Question 36

Person Correlation Coefficent

Answer 36

Measure of association used with continuous (linear) variables • Varies from -1 to 0 to +1 • The value 0 means no linear association. • As r approaches either -1 or +1, the association between two variables becomes stronger. • When r is negative, the association is inverse

Question 37

Measures of Central Tendency

Answer 37

``` Mode – Number occurring most frequently in a set or distribution of numbers Median – Middle point of a set of numbers Mean – Also called arithmetic mean or average ```

Question 38

Representativeness

Answer 38

The degree to which characteristics of the sample correspond to the characteristics of the population from which the sample was chosen

Question 39

Epidemic Curve

Answer 39

A graphic plotting of the distribution of cases by time of onset. • Aids in identifying the cause of a disease outbreak

Question 40

Dose-response Curve

Answer 40

A type of correlative association between an exposure and an effect - Threshold refers to the lowest dose at which a particular response occurs.

Question 41

Incubation Period

Answer 41

The time between when a morbid poison enters the system snd commencement of illness

Question 42

Incidence Rate & Formula

Answer 42

A rate formed by dividing the number of new cases that occur during a time period by the number of individuals in the population at risk Formula: Number of new cases over a time period OVER average population at risk during the same time period

Question 43

Point Prevalence Rate & Formula

Answer 43

All cases of a disease, health condition, or deaths that exist at a particular point in time relative to a specific population from which the cases are derived. Formula: Number of persons ill OVER total number in the group

Question 44

Crude Death Rate & Formula

Answer 44

The mortality rate from all causes of death for a population Formula: # of deaths in a given year OVER reference population

Question 45

Case Fatality Rate & Formula

Answer 45

The number of deaths due to a disease that occur among persons who are afflicted with that disease. Formula: Number of deaths due to disease "x" OVER Number of case of disease "X"

Question 46

Specific-Cause Rate

Answer 46

A measure that refers to mortality (or frequency of a given disease) divided by the population size at the midpoint of a time period times a multiplier.

Question 47

Adjusted Rate

Answer 47

A rate of morbidity/mortality in a population to permit fair comparisons by removing the effect of differences in the composition of various populations

Question 48

Crude Birth Rate

Answer 48

Number of live births during a specified period

Question 49

CDC

Answer 49

Center for Disease Control- the national public health institute of the United States

Question 50

Vital Events

Answer 50

Data gathered on live births, deaths, fetal deaths, marriages and divorces

Question 51

U.S. Bureau of the Census

Answer 51

A principal agency of the U.S. Federal Statistical System, responsible for producing data about the American people and economy.

Question 52

WHO

Answer 52

A specialised agency of the United Nations that is concerned with world public health.

Question 53

Epidemiological Triangle

Answer 53

A model used to describe the etiology of infectious diseases. Three parts: Host, Environment and Infectious Agent

Question 54

Infectivity

Answer 54

The capacity of an agent to enter and multiply in a susceptible host and thus produce infection or disease

Question 55

Virulence

Answer 55

The severity of the disease produced, i.e., whether the disease has severe clinical manifestations or is fatal in a large number of cases

Question 56

Types of Samples

Answer 56

Simple random sampling :The use of a random process to select a sample Stratified random sampling: divides the population into separate groups. Then, a probability sample is drawn from each group.

Question 57

Active Immunity

Answer 57

Immunity that the host has developed as a result of natural infection with a microbial agent, can be acquired from an injection of a vaccine that contains an antigen

Question 58

Passive Immunity

Answer 58

Acquired from antibodies produced by another person or animal (Ex. pregnant mother)

Question 59

Herd Immunity

Answer 59

The resistance of an entire community to an infectious agent as a result of the immunity of a large proportion of individuals in that community to the agent

Question 60

Endemic

Answer 60

An agent that is habitually present in an environment (either geographic or population group)