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ZOO*3600 > Before Midterm > Flashcards

Before Midterm Flashcards

1
Q

What is comparative animal physiology?

A

Animal physiology is the study of how animals function at all levels of organization.

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2
Q

What is the August Krogh principle?

A

There is an optimally suited animal to study most biological problems.

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3
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

Homeostasis is a tendency for an animal to maintain relative internal stability in the face of external fluctuation

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4
Q

How is homeostasis possible?

A

Regulatory systems

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5
Q

What are the benefits of conformity?

A

No cost associated

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6
Q

How does negative feedback work?

A

Negative feedback control systems regulate a variable by opposing its deviation from a set point thereby keeping that variable within its homeostatic range.

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7
Q

What do beta cells do?

A

The beta cells monitor blood glucose and release a hormone called insulin into circulation

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8
Q

What do alpha cells do?

A

The alpha cells produce a hormone called glucagon

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9
Q

What are most physiological variables regulated by?

A

Negative feedback

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10
Q

How does positive feedback work?

A

Positive feedback control systems regulate a non-homeostatic change and that create a rapid change away from that set point and as a result of this promoting an explosive response that is unidirectional.

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11
Q

What are efferent sensory neurons?

A

neurons that project towards the central nervous system

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12
Q

What is acclimation?

A

a process of change in response to a controlling variable in the lab

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13
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

a process of change in response to a change in a natural environmental variation

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14
Q

What is adaption?

A

a chronic response to change in environmental variables through natural selection

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15
Q

What does the bilayer of phospholipids in cells do?

A

bilayer of phospholipids separates the intracellular from the extracellular fluid

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16
Q

Describe Peripheral proteins

A
  • The peripheral proteins are only associated with the outer or the inner surface of the plasma membrane.
  • They can be removed without destroying the membrane.
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17
Q

What are proteins that are anchored to the outside of cells involved in?

A

Cell-to-cell recognition.

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18
Q

Where are integral membrane proteins found?

A

across the plasma membrane

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19
Q

What do integral membranes provide the mechanism for?

A

transmembrane transport

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20
Q

What does the percentage of lipid to protein ratio and the protein composition vary according to?

A

The function of the cell

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21
Q

Why do we call the plasma membrane a fluid mosaic?

A
  • it is composed of a mixture of proteins and lipids

- both the proteins and the lipids can readily move around in the membrane

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22
Q

What is the composition of cell membranes related to?

A

Their permeability

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23
Q

What must molecules following the transcellular path cross?

A

both the apical layer and the basal lateral side of the cell membrane

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24
Q

what must molecules passing through the paracellular path be able to move through?

A

tight junctions between cells.

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25
Q

What are cells in epithelium membranes attached to one another via?

A

tight junctions

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26
Q

What pathway of movement do large particles use?

A

transcellular

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27
Q

What kind of composition do cell membranes have?

A

Heterogeneous

28
Q

What must the outer layers of cell membranes be capable of?

A

recognizing endocrine paracrine autocrine signals or neurotransmitters.

29
Q

what is the inner layer of the cell membrane specialized for?

A

intracellular signaling

and attachment of the cell membrane to the cytoskeleton of the cell.

30
Q

What are lipid rafts?

A

regions of the plasma membrane that accumulate cholesterol and glycolipids

31
Q

Why are lipid rafts thicker than surrounding regions in the plasma membrane?

A

the phospholipid tails of the membrane are composed of more saturated fats and therefore they are more symmetrically organized and compact

32
Q

What is the primary element of plasma membranes?

A

Phospholipids

33
Q

what is the normal state for phospholipids at physiological temperature?

A

liquid crystalline

34
Q

What type of molecules are phospholipids?

A

amphipathic

35
Q

What is the most common class of phospholipids in plasma membranes?

A

Phosphatidylcholine

36
Q

what does cholesterol do in the plasma membrane?

A

either increase or decrease fluidity

37
Q

when does cholesterol decrease membrane fluidity?

A

when interacting with the polar head

38
Q

when does cholesterol increase membrane fluidity?

A

when interacting with the nonpolar tail

39
Q

what can alter membrane fluidity?

A
  • fatty acid chain length
  • saturation
  • polar head group
  • cholesterol
40
Q

What will you see in terms of fat composition in the Arctic?

A
  • lower percentage of saturated fats

- high percentages of monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fats.

41
Q

How can materials move across a membrane?

A

through active or passive mechanisms.

42
Q

where is concentration of sodium higher?

A

outside the cell

43
Q

where is concentration of potassium higher?

A

inside the cell

44
Q

where is concentration of calcium higher?

A

outside the cell

45
Q

where is concentration of chloride higher?

A

outside the cell

46
Q

where is concentration of anionic solutes higher?

A

outside the cell

47
Q

What does Fick’s law of diffusion tell us?

A

what the rate of diffusion is for any given solute across a membrane

48
Q

What happens to the the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane if you increase concentration gradient?

A

it increases

49
Q

What happens to the the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane if you increase permeability?

A

it increases

50
Q

What happens to the the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane if you increase molecular weight?

A

it decreases

51
Q

What happens to the the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane if you increase membrane thickness?

A

it decreases

52
Q

What happens to the the rate of diffusion of a substance across a membrane if you increase temperature?

A

it increases

53
Q

What is the charge in the bulk solution?

A

Neutral

54
Q

What is the charge on the inside of the cell very close to the membrane?

A

negative

55
Q

What is the charge of the extracellular fluid very close to the membrane?

A

positive

56
Q

What determines the movement of ions?

A

electrochemical gradient

57
Q

What is osmosis?

A

he diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane from a region of low solute concentration to a region of high solid concentration

58
Q

In osmosis, when do you no longer have any water movement?

A

when hydrostatic pressure equals osmotic pressure.

59
Q

what do the effects of tonicity depend on?

A

differences in osmolarity but also on the permeability of the membrane to the solutes

60
Q

When is a solution called isotonic?

A

when the solution has no effect on cell volume

61
Q

what does osmolarity take into account?

A

total concentration of penetrating and non-penetrating solutes

62
Q

what does tonicity take into account?

A

total concentration of penetrating solutes only

63
Q

what happens if you put a red blood cell in a hypertonic solution?

A

the red blood cells will shrink

64
Q

what happens if a red blood cell is in an isotonic solution?

A

no net movement of water

65
Q

what happens if a red blood cell in is a hypotonic solution?

A

it will grow until it bursts

ZOO*3600 (2 decks)

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