Begrippen Flashcards
(170 cards)
1
Q
accessibility universal
A
The highest level of universality, which states that a given psychological process exists in all cultures, is used to solve the same problems acrosscultures, and is accessible to the same degree across cultures.
2
Q
acculturation
A
The process of adapting to, learning, or borrowing traits from another culture different from one’s own original culture.
3
Q
agent-based modeling
A
A way of testing a hypothesis by creating simulations with virtual agents who are programmed to act autonomously in a computerized game.
4
Q
agonias
A
A culture-bound syndrome and anxiety disorder, most common in Portugal and the Azores, that can include a wide array of symptoms, such as a burning sensation, loss of breath, hysterical blindness, sleep problems, and eating disorders.
5
Q
agreeableness
A
A personality trait that indicates how warm, pleasant, and considerate
a person is.
6
Q
altruistic punishment
A
Incurring a cost to oneself in order to punish someone who isn’t
cooperating with the group.
7
Q
amok
A
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Southeast Asia, in which a person has a sudden outburst of unrestrained behavior or violence, followed by exhaustion and amnesia.
8
Q
analytic thinking
A
A type of thinking characterized by a focus on objects and their attributes.
9
Q
anorexia nervosa
A
An eating disorder characterized by a refusal to maintain a normal body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight, and a denial of the seriousness of abnormally low body weight.
10
Q
anxious-ambivalent attachment
A
An attachment style in which infants show frequent distress when their mother is either present or absent.
11
Q
assimilation strategy
A
An acculturation strategy that involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while making little or no effort to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture.
12
Q
ataques de nervios
A
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Puerto Ricans, in which emotionally charged incidents cause convulsions, loss of consciousness, heart palpitations, numbness, and a sense of heat rising to the head.
13
Q
attachment theory
A
A theory proposing that the relationships formed in adulthood are shaped by the nature of the bonds formed with primary caregivers during infancy and early childhood. The three main attachment styles are secure attachment, avoidant attachment, and anxious-ambivalent attachment.
14
Q
authoritarian parenting
A
A parenting style that places high demands on children, with strict rules, low levels of warmth, and little open dialogue.
15
Q
authoritative parenting
A
Child-centered parenting, in which parents try to understand their children’s feelings but encourage them to be independent while maintaining controls on their behavior.
16
Q
authority ranking
A
A relational model in which people are linearly ordered along a hierarchical social dimension, in which higher ranking people have prestige and privileges while those ranking lower do not.
17
Q
autonomy ideal
A
A moral principle that young children should sleep alone in order to learn self-reliance.
18
Q
avoidant attachment
A
An attachment style in which infants show little distress in response to their mother’s absence and avoid her when she returns.
19
Q
back-translation
A
A method of translating research materials from one language to another; a professional translates materials from language A to language B, then a different translator translates the materials back from B to A. The original and twice-translated versions are compared, to identify and resolve any discrepancies.
20
Q
basking in the reflected glory
A
emphasizing one’s connection to successful others in order to feel better about oneself; sharing in the warm glow of their success
21
Q
between-groups manipulation
A
a type of experimental manipulation in which different groups of participants receive different levels of the independent variable(s).
22
Q
bicultural identity integration
A
The extent to which a bicultural person’s two cultural identities are compatible or in opposition to each other.
23
Q
blending
A
The tendency for bicultural people to show psychological characteristics in between those of their two cultures.
24
Q
bulimia nervosa
A
An eating disorder characterized by recurring episodes of binge eating, along with inappropriate behaviors to prevent weight gain, such as induced vomiting, at least twice a week for 3 months.
25
categorical perception
Perceiving stimuli as belonging to separate and discrete categories, even though the stimuli may gradually differ from each other along a continuum.
26
cognitive dissonance
The distressing feeling that accompanies the awareness that one is behaving inconsistently, or against one’s sense of self-consistency.
27
collectivistic culture
A culture with many practices, institutions, and customs encouraging individuals to place relatively more emphasis on collective goals than individual ones.
28
color-blind approach
Looking beyond ethnic or cultural background and focusing on common human nature.
29
communal sharing
A relational model in which the members of a group emphasize their common identity, and each person has the same rights and privileges.
30
compensatory self-enhancement
Compensating for performing poorly by focusing on success in another area.
31
conscientiousness
A personality trait that indicates how responsible, dependable, and self-disciplined a person is.
32
contemporary legend
A fictional story told in modern societies as if it were true. Also called urban legend.
33
co-sleeping
The practice of children sharing the same bed with their caregivers
34
cultural competence
The ability of psychotherapists to recognize their own cultural influences, have knowledge about the cultural background of their clients, and apply skills to intervene in therapy sessions in relevant and culturally sensitive ways
35
cultural distance
The difference between two cultures in their overall ways of life; a factor in the acculturation process.
36
cultural fit
The degree to which an individual’s personality is compatible with the host culture’s dominant cultural values; a factor in the acculturation process.
37
cultural priming
A method used in cross-cultural comparisons that makes ideas associated with particular cultural meanings more accessible to participants.
38
cultural worlds
Worlds that contain cultural ideas that have accumulated over time.
39
culture-bound syndrome
A group of psychological symptoms that appear to be greatly influenced by cultural factors, and therefore occur far less often in some cultures than others, or manifest in highly diverse ways across cultures. Also called cultural concept of distress.
40
culture ofhonor
A culture in which people (especially men) strive to protect their reputation through aggression.
41
culture shock
The feeling of being anxious, helpless, irritable, and generally disoriented and homesick due to moving to a new culture. Also called crisis stage.
42
dependent variable
In an experiment, the variable affected by manipulation of the independent variable.
43
deprivation effect
A tendency for people to value something more when it is lacking in their culture.
44
dhatsyndrome
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in South Asia, in which men develop morbid anxiety about concerns that they are leaking and losing semen.
45
discounting
Reducing the perceived importance of a poor performance, in order to feel better.
46
display rules
The culturally specific rules that govern which facial expressions are appropriate in a given situation and how intensely they should be exhibited.
47
dispositional attribution
Explaining people’s behavior in terms of their inner qualities, such as personality traits.
48
distal cause
An initial difference that leads to effects over long periods of time, often through an indirect relationship.
49
downward social comparison
Comparing one’s performance with the performance of someone who is doing worse.
50
dynamic social impact theory
A theory stating that individuals influence each other through their interactions, leading to clusters of like-minded people separated by geography.
51
entity theory of self
A view of the self in which a person’s abilities and traits are innate features that cannot be changed.
52
entity theory of the world
A view of the environment as being fixed and beyond an individual’s ability to make changes.
53
epidemiological paradox
The fact that Latinos have surprisingly good health despite their lower-than-average socioeconomic status.
54
equality matching
A relational model based on the idea of balance and reciprocity, in which people keep track of what is exchanged; they are motivated to pay back in equivalent turns.
55
ethnocentrism
Evaluating people from other cultures by comparing them to the standards of one’s own culture.
56
evoked culture
The idea that all people, regardless of where they are from, have a biologically based repertoire of behaviors that are accessible to them, and that these behaviors are engaged for appropriate situations.
57
existential universal
The second-lowest level ofuniversality, which states that a given psychological process exists in all cultures, although it is not necessarily used to solve the same problems across cultures, nor is it equally accessible across cultures.
58
external attribution
Interpreting the reason for an action or event as being caused by something outside of oneself.
59
extraversion
A personality trait that indicates how outgoing, social, or dominant a person is.
60
face
the amount of social value others give an individual if he or she lives up to the standards associated with his or her position.
61
female chastity anxiety
A moral principle that unmarried adolescent women are vulnerable to shameful sexual activity, so they should always be chaperoned.
62
field dependence
The tendency to view objects as bound to their backgrounds.
63
field independence
The tendency to separate objects from their backgrounds.
64
five-factor model of personality
A model of five core traits underlying personality: openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Also called Big Five.
65
frame-switching
Referring to multicultural people, alternating between different cultural selves.
66
French paradox
The fact that despite eating a cuisine that’s rich in fat, French people have relatively low rates of obesity and heart disease, and a relatively long lifespan.
67
frigophobia
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in China, characterized by a morbid fear of catching a cold, leading people to dress themselves in heavy coats and scarves even in summer
68
functional universal
The second-highest level of universality, which states that a given psychological process exists in all cultures and is used to solve the same problems across cultures, but is more accessible to people from some cultures than others.
69
fundamental attribution error
A tendency to ignore situational information while focusing on dispositional information when making judgments about people’s behaviors.
70
general psychology
In Shweder’s view, the overarching perspective of the field of psychology assumes that the mind operates under a set of natural and universal laws that exist independently of a person’s context or the content of that person’s thoughts.
71
generalizability
The extension of research findings from a sample population to larger or broader populations.
72
heritage culture
A culture identified as a person’s culture of origin.
73
high-context culture
A culture in which shared information guides behavior; communication is less explicit.
74
high relational mobility
Having many opportunities to form new relationships, without being bound by existing relationships.
75
hikikomori
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in adolescent Japanese boys, characterized by self-imposed confinement and withdrawal from all social interaction for an extended period of time.
76
holistic thinking
A type of thinking characterized by a focus on the context as a whole.
77
host culture
A culture identified as the new culture to which a person moves from an original culture.
78
ideal affect
The kinds of feelings people desire, or emotions they want to have; they structure their lives in order to maximize the opportunities for experiencing them.
79
identity denial
The questioning of people’s cultural identity because they are not recognized as matching the prototype of the cultural group to which they belong.
80
immigrant
A person who moves to a new culture and intends to stay permanently.
81
immigrant paradox
A pattern in which the children of immigrants are worse off than their parents in terms of health and educational achievement, even though the children are more acculturated.
82
incest avoidance
A moral principle that postpubescent family members of the opposite sex should not sleep in the same room.
83
incremental theory of self
A view of the self in which a person’s abilities and traits are malleable and can be improved.
84
incremental theory ofthe world
A view of the environment as being flexible and responsive to an individual’s efforts to change it.
85
independent variable
In an experiment, the variable the experimenter manipulates in order to examine its effect on the dependent variable
86
independent view of self
A self-concept model in which identity is thought to come from inner attributes that reflect a unique essence of the individual, and that remain stable across situations and throughout the lifespan.
87
individualistic culture
A culture with many practices and customs encouraging individuals to prioritize their own personal goals ahead of collective goals, and to emphasize the ways in which they are distinct from others.
88
integration strategy
An acculturation strategy that involves efforts to fit in and fully participate in the host culture, while at the same time striving to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture.
89
integrative complexity
A willingness and ability to acknowledge and consider different viewpoints on the same issue.
90
interdependent view ofself
A self-concept model in which an individual is perceived not as separate and distinct but as a participant in a larger social unit, where identity depends on key relationships and roles with ingroup members.
91
internal attribution
Interpreting the reason for an action or event as being caused by internal factors.
92
James-Lange theory of emotions
A theory proposing that emotions are primarily perceptions of physiological responses to stimuli.
93
koro/koto
A culture-bound syndrome, most come in South and East Asia, in which men develop morbid anxiety and fear that their penis is retracting into their body.
94
kufungisisa
A culture-bound syndrome, and an anxiety and physical disorder, most common in Zimbawbe, characterized by panic attacks and irritability caused by mental exhaustion; translated as thinking too much.
95
latah
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Southeast Asia, in which a person falls into a transient dissociated state following a startling event; characterized by various kinds of unusual behavior.
96
learned helplessness
The feeling of being powerless, unable to control or avoid unpleasant or harmful events, leading to stress and possibly depression.
97
low-context culture
A culture in which there is less shared information among individuals, so communication is more explicit.
98
low relational mobility
Having few opportunities to form new relationships; people are guided by commitments and obligations to existing relationships.
99
major depressive disorder (MDD)
A mental disorder characterized primarily by an extended period of low mood or an inability to feel pleasure.
100
malgri
A culture-bound syndrome of territorial anxiety, most common in Australian Aborigines; a person grows physically sick and drowsy when entering the sea or a new territory without engaging in the appropriate ceremonial procedures.
101
marginalization strategy
An acculturation strategy that involves little or no effort to participate in the host culture or to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture.
102
market pricing
A relational model based on proportionality and ratios; members of two sides of an exchange calculate the ratios of the goods being exchanged, so that the transaction is equivalent in value for both parties.
103
mentalizing
Taking an interest in the mental state and perspective of others, including their intentions, goals, preferences, and strategies. Also referred to as having a theory of mind.
104
mere exposure effect
A factor in forming interpersonal relationships; the tendency for an attraction to, or preference for, people or things simply because they are familiar.
105
methodological equivalence
In cross-cultural research, the demonstration that participants from different cultures understand the research questions or situations the same way
106
migrant
A person who moves from a heritage culture (the original culture) to a host culture (the new culture), either temporarily or permanently.
107
minimally counterintuitive idea
An idea that violates our expectations enough to be considered surprising and unusual, but not too outlandish.
108
moral relativism
The belief that what is morally right or wrong is not absolute, but depends upon different cultural factors.
109
Muller-Lyer illusion
A visual illusion in which two lines of equal length appear unequal; a line with ends that angle outward appears longer than a line with ends that angle inward.
110
multicultural approach
Focusing on and respecting the distinctive aspects of different cultural groups.
111
naive dialecticism
A perspective in which events and objects in the world are perceived as interconnected and fluid, leading to the acceptance of contradiction between two opposing beliefs.
112
natural selection
The evolutionary process that occurs when three conditions are present: individual members of a species vary on certain traits, those varying traits are associated with different survival or reproductive rates, and those traits have a hereditary basis. This process determines which genetic variants will become more common across generations.
113
neglectful parenting
A parenting style characterized by coldness, unresponsiveness, and indifference to children.
114
neuroticism
A personality trait that indicates emotional instability and unpredictability.
115
nonuniversal
The lowest level of universality, which states that a given psychological process does not exist in all cultures and can be considered a cultural invention.
116
noun bias
The tendency in young children to have a vocabulary with more nouns relative to the number of verbs and other relational words
117
objective self-awareness
A state of mind in which a person considers the self from the outside in, with the perspective of how he or she appears to others and is being evaluated.
118
Occam’s razor
The principle that any theory should make as few assumptions as possible; it maintains that, all else being equal, the simpler theory is more likely to be correct, or that the simplest solution to a problem tends to be the right one.
119
openness to experience
A personality trait that reflects a person’s creativity and curiosity about the world.
120
orthodox
A term describing religious believers committed to the idea of a transcendent authority that operates independently of people and is more knowledgeable and powerful than all of human experience.
121
Permissive parenting
A parenting style in which parents are responsive, warm, and involved with their children, but place few limits and controls on their behavior.
122
pluralistic ignorance
The tendency for people to collectively misinterpret the thoughts that underlie the behavior of others.
123
power
The capacity of a study to accurately detect an effect (such as a cross-cultural difference) to the extent that one exists; a reflection of the study’s design.
124
predestination
A belief about the afterlife holding that prior to birth, it has already been determined whether one is among the “elect” who will spend eternity in heaven, or among those who will burn in hell forever,
125
prevention orientation
A concern with protecting oneself from negative outcomes.
126
primary control
The effort to shape existing realities to fit one’s perceptions, goals, or wishes. Also called internal locus of control, influence, or agency.
127
promotion orientation
A concern with advancing oneself and aspiring for gains.
128
propinquity effect
A factor in forming interpersonal relationships; the tendency for people to become close to those they encounter often and interact with frequently.
129
protection of the vulnerable
A moral principle that young children who are needy and vulnerable should not be left alone at night,
130
proximate cause
A cause that has a direct and immediate relationship with its effects.
131
psychologization
The experiencing of symptoms of an illness primarily psychologically rather than physically.
132
rational persuasion
A leadership trait characterized by influencing others through logical arguments in order to reach practical solutions.
133
reference group effect
A tendency for people to evaluate themselves by comparison with others from their own culture
134
replication
Repeating a study and generating the same general pattern of results as the original, thereby strengthening the study’s reliability.
135
respect for hierarchy
A moral principle that adolescent boys achieve social status by not having to sleep with parents or young children.
136
response bias
A factor that distorts the accuracy of a person’s responses to survey questions.
137
ritualized display
A facial expression that is expressed in some cultures but not in others.
138
saccades
Rapid eye movements in which the gaze shifts quickly from one fixation point to another.
139
sacred couple
A moral principle that married couples should have their own sleeping space for emotional intimacy and sexual privacy.
140
schizophrenia
A debilitating mental disorder, characterized by two or more of these symptoms: delusions, hallucinations, disorganized speech, grossly disorganized or catatonic behavior.
141
secondary control
the process by which people adjust some aspect of the self and accept circumstances as they are. Also called adjustment or external locus of control.
142
secure attachment
An attachment style in which infants seek their mother’s presence when she is around; their desire to be close to her intensifies after being left alone in an unfamiliar situation.
143
self-enhancement
The motivation to view oneself positively.
144
self-esteem
The positivity of one's overall evaluation of oneself.
145
self-improvement
The procces of identifying one’s potential weaknesses and working on correcting them
146
self-serving bias
A tendency for people to view themselves in unrealistically positive terms.
147
sensitive period
A period of time during development when it is relatively easy to acquire a set of skills.
148
separation strategy
An acculturation strategy that involves efforts to maintain the traditions of the heritage culture, while making little or no effort to participate in the host culture.
149
similarity-attraction effect
A factor in forming interpersonal relationships; the tendency for people to be attracted to those who are most like themselves.
150
simpatico
A relational style characterized by an emphasis on acting hospitable, gracious, and maintaining harmony.
151
situation sampling
A method used in cross-cultural comparisons, in which situations are generated by participants in more than one culture, then those situations are presented to different groups of participants from multiple cultures. this approach enables researchers to see whether common situations in one culture influence people differently than situations common in another culture, and whether people in one culture respond to the same situations differently than people in another culture.
152
situational attribution
Explaining people’s behaviour in terms of contextual factors.
153
social anxiety disorder
A fear that one is in danger of acting in an inept and unacceptable manner, and that such behavior will bring disastrous social consequences.
154
socially desirable responding
A response bias in which people’s responses to survey questions are distorted by their motivation to be evaluated positively by others.
155
sojourner
A person who moves to a new culture and intends to stay only temporarily.
156
somatization
The experiencing of symptoms of an illness primarily physically rather than psychologically.
157
stereotype threat
The fear of behaving in a way that will inadvertently confirm a negative stereotype about one’s group.
158
subjective self-awareness
A state of mind in which a person considers the self from the inside out, with the perspective of the subject interacting with the world, having little awareness of the self as an individual.
159
subjective well-being
The feeling of overall satisfaction with one’s life
160
susto
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Latin America, in which a person feels that a frightening experience has dislodged the soul from his or her body, leading to a wide range of physical and psychological symptoms.
161
taijin kyoufushou (TKS)
A disorder similar to social anxiety disorder involving fear triggered by social situations; it is characterized by physical symptoms, including extensive blushing, body odor, sweating, and a penetrating gaze.
162
third culture kids (TCKs)
People who travel with their expatriate parents and spend large parts of their formative years living in places outside their heritage culture. Also known as global nomads.
163
tightness-looseness
The degree to which a culture has strong social norms and low tolerance for people who violate them.
164
transmitted culture
The idea that people find out about certain cultural practices through social learning, or by modeling the behavior of others who live near them.
165
two-factor theory of emotions
A theory proposing that emotions are primarily interpretations of physiological responses to stimuli.
166
unpackaging
Identifying the underlying variables that give rise to cultural differences,
167
upward social comparison
Comparing one’s performance with someone who is doing better.
168
voodoo death
A culture-bound syndrome, most common in Africa, in which a person is convinced he or she has been cursed or has broken a taboo, resulting in a severe level of fear that sometimes leads to death.
169
WEIRD societies
A shorthand for the kind of societies on which the database of psychological research is largely based. WEIRD stands for Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic.
170
Whorfian hypothesis of linguistic relativity
A theory explaining the connection between cognition and language. Strong form: Language determines how people think. Weak form: Language influences how people think,
