Behavior Modifying Drugs

Question 1

Drugs should be a first choice for what type of disorders

Answer 1

Anxiety related

Question 2

NE and noradrenergic neurons affect

Answer 2

Locus coeruleus area of brainstem

Question 3

Dopamine & dopaminergic neurons affect

Answer 3

Ventral tegmental area of midbrain

Question 4

Serotonin & serotonergic nuclei affect

Answer 4

Raphe nucleus of brainstek

Question 5

ACh is

Answer 5

Muscarinic blockade

Question 6

GABA assc w/

Answer 6

GABA a receptor and allosteric modulators

Question 7

Antispychotic drug examples (3)

Answer 7

• acepromazine
• prolixin ( acepromazine for horses)
• phenothiazine

Question 8

MOA for antipsychotics

Answer 8

Blocks D2 dopamine receptors

Question 9

Are antipsychotics registered in vet med

Answer 9

Yes, but extra-label for behavioral issues

Question 10

3 classes of anxiolytics w/ examples

Answer 10

• benzodiazepines (diazepam)
• azapirones (buspirone)
• nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics (zaleplon)

Question 11

MOA of benzodiazepines

Answer 11

• +ve allosteric modulator of GABA-alpha receptor
• binds to benzodiazepine site on GABA-alpha receptor
• enhances action of GABA (Cl influx)
• inhibits release of monoamine NTs in CNS

Question 12

Clinical uses of benzodiazepines in dogs

Answer 12

• Fears, phobias, generalized anxiety
• can combine w/ TCA

Question 13

Benzodiazepine use in cats

Answer 13

Urine spraying, travel, generalized anxiety (like home changes)

Question 14

Examples of benzodiazepine drugs (5)

Answer 14

• diazepam
• alprazolam
• clorazepate
• lorazepam
• oxazepam

Question 15

Benzodiazepines usually have what endings?

Answer 15

• “pam”
• “pate”
• “lam”

Question 16

Side effects of benzodiazepines

Answer 16

• Rare in cats, HEPATIC NECROSIS
• sedation, ataxia, muscle relax, increased appetite, paradoxal excitation, memory deficits
• disinhibition: hostility, aggression, rage, paroxysmal excitement, irritability, behavioral dis control

Question 17

Benzodiazepines are a caution in what animals

Answer 17

K9s

Question 18

How to avoid dependence on benzodiazepines

Answer 18

Tapering BZD dose 25% per week for a month

Question 19

Are benzodiazepines good for long term use in dogs?

Answer 19

No

Question 20

Main drug in tranquilizer class

Answer 20

Acepromazine

Question 21

Uses of tranqulizers

Answer 21

• sedation/restraint

Question 22

Side effects of tranquilizers

Answer 22

• hypotension
• CNS stimulation
• contradictory responses

Question 23

Administration method for diazepam

Answer 23

IV

Question 24

What drug has high hepatic clearance in k9s

Answer 24

Diazepam

Question 25

Type of azapirone

Answer 25

Buspirone

Question 26

Azapirone pros

Answer 26

- few side effects - no disinhibition - no dependence - few drug interactions

Question 27

Uses of buspirone in K9s and cats

Answer 27

- K9: generalized anxiety - cats: modulate high arousal (urine spraying), anxiety

Question 28

Buspirone is a full agonist at

Answer 28

Pre synaptic 5HT1A receptors causing serotonin release and synth

Question 29

Time for Benzodiazepines to take effect

Answer 29

Weeks

Question 30

3 nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

Answer 30

- zaleplon - eszopiclone - zolpidem

Question 31

Nonbenzodiazepine hypnotics

Answer 31

- rapid effect - short duration - used to treat acute onset and severe thunderstorm phobia and separation anxiety

Question 32

4 classes of antidepressants

Answer 32

- TCAs - SSRIs - MAOIs - atypical antidepressants

Question 33

Clomipramine is a

Answer 33

TCA antidepressant

Question 34

Fluoxetine is a

Answer 34

SSRI antidepressant

Question 35

Selegiline is a

Answer 35

MAOI antidepressant

Question 36

Trazodone is an

Answer 36

Atypical antidepressant

Question 37

MOA of TCAs

Answer 37

Inhibit serotonin and NE reuptake

Question 38

Onset of action for TCAs

Answer 38

- slow - 2 to 4 wks

Question 39

Clinical use of TCAs in k9

Answer 39

Aggression, compulsive disorders, anxiety states

Question 40

Clinical use of TCAs in cats

Answer 40

Aggression, urine spraying, excessive grooming, anxiety states, excessive vocalization

Question 41

TCA side effects

Answer 41

- mild sedation & vomiting (anti-histamine) - dry mouth, constipation, urinary retention (anti-cholinergic) -lowers seizure threshold and potentiates seizures in predisposed animals

Question 42

Overdose of TCAs

Answer 42

- fatal cardiac arrhythmias - treat promptly - monitor ecg & bp - gastric lavage, activated charcoal, cathartics