Behavioral Science chapter 1-3 Flashcards
1
Q
Doctrine of Phrenology (Person and Concept)
A
Franz Gall-Associated development of a trait with growth of its relevant part of the brain
2
Q
Extirpation/Ablation (Person and Concept)
A
Pierre Flourens-concluded that specific brain regions have specific functions
3
Q
Father of American Psychology
A
William James-Pushed for importance of studying adaptations of the individual to hi/hers environment
4
Q
Landmark article on Functionalism (Person and Concept)
A
John Dewey-Argued for studdying the entire organism as a whole
5
Q
Paul Broca
A
Correlated pathology with specific brain regions such as speech production from broca’s area
6
Q
Hermann Von Helmoltz
A
Measured speed of nerve impulses
7
Q
Sir Charles Sherrington
A
Inferred the existence of synapses
8
Q
Sensory neurons function
A
Transmit sensory information from receptors to the spinal cord and brain
9
Q
Sensory neurons are also known as….
A
Afferent Neurons
Afferent neurons ascend in the cord toward
the brain
10
Q
3 types of neurons in the nervous system
A
1) Sensory Neurons
2) Motor Neurons
3) Interneurons
11
Q
Motor neurons Function
A
Transmit motor information from the
brain and spinal cord to muscles and glands
12
Q
Motor neurons are also known as….
A
Efferent neurons
Efferent neurons Exit the
cord on their way to the rest of the body
13
Q
Reflex Arcs
A
Use ability of interneurons to relay information to the source of stimuli while simultaneously routing it to the brain
14
Q
Which neuron type is most abundant?
A
Interneurons
15
Q
What are the two divisions of the nervous system?
A
CNS and PNS
16
Q
What does the CNS consists of?
A
Brain and Spinal Cord
17
Q
What does PNS consists of?
A
31 pairs of spinal nerves and 10 of 12 cranial nerves (exclude olfactory and optic nerves)
18
Q
What are the two divisions of the PNS?
A
Somatic and autonomic nervous system
19
Q
What are the two divisions of autonomic nervous system?
A
Sympathetic and Parasympathetic nervous system
20
Q
Somatic nervous system consists of…
A
sensory and motor neurons distributed throughout the skin, joints, and muscles-Voluntary
21
Q
The autonomic nervous system (ANS) generally regulates…
A
heartbeat, respiration,
digestion, and glandular secretions
22
Q
The main role of the parasympathetic nervous system is…..
A
To conserve energy
23
Q
Main Neurotransmitter of parasympathetic nervous system
A
Acetylcholine
24
Q
Functions of the Parasympathetic Nervous system-“Rest and Digest” (6 main functions)
A
1) Constrict pupils
2) Constrict bronchi
3) Slow Heart beat
4) Stimulate flow of saliva
5) Stimulate peristalsis and secretions
6) Stimulate bile release
25
Functions of the Sympathetic Nervous system-"Fight or Flight" (10 main functions)
1) Dilate pupils
2) Dilate bronchi
3) Inhibit salivation
4) Inhibit peristalsis and secretions
5) Inhibit bladder contractions
6) Accelerate heart beat
7) Stimulate sweating/piloerection
8) Stimulate glucose production and release
9) Stimulate orgasm
10) Secretions of adrenaline and noradrenaline
26
The human brain can be divided into three basic subdivisions....
1) hindbrain
2) midbrain
3) forebrain
27
The Hindbrain contains...(3)
1) Cerebellum
2) Medulla oblongata
3) Reticular Formation
28
The Midbrain contains...(2)
Inferior and superior colliculi
29
The Forebrain contains...(5)
1) Thalamus
2) Hypothalamus
3) Limbic system
4) Cerebral Cortex
5) Basal ganglia
30
The most recent evolutionary development of the human brain is the....
Cerebral cortex
31
The most primitive region of the brain is the....
Brainstem (Hindbrain+Midbrain)
32
Cerebral cortex function
Complex perceptual, cognitive, and behavioral processes
33
Basal ganglia function
smoothen movement and maintain postural stability
34
Limbic system function
Emotion and memory
35
Thalamus function
Sensory relay station
36
Hypothalamus function
Hunger and thirst; emotion
37
Inferior and superior colliculi function
Sensorimotor reflexes
38
Cerebellum function
Refined motor movements
39
Medulla oblongata function
Vital functioning (breathing, digestion)
40
Reticular formation function
Arousal and alertness
41
Limbic system contains...(3)
1) Septal Nuclei
2) Amygdala
3) Hippocampus
42
Septal Nuclei function
Involved with feelings of pleasure, pleasure seeking behavior and addiction
43
Amygdala function
controls fear and aggression
44
Hippocampus function
Consolidates memories and communicates with other parts of limbic system through extension called fornix
45
4 Lobes of Cerebral Cortex
1) Frontal Lobe
2) Parietal Lobe
3) Occipital Lobe
4) Temporal Lobe
46
Frontal Lobe controls...(5)
1) Executive function
2) Impulse control
3) Long-term Planning
4) Motor function
5) Speech production
47
Parietal Lobe controls...(2)
1) sensations of touch, pressure, temperature and pain
| 2) Spatial Processing, orientation and manipulation
48
Occipital Lobe controls...
Visual processing
49
Temporal Lobe controls...(4)
1) Sound processing
2) Speech perception
3) Memory
4) Emotion
50
Family studies
look at the relative frequency of a trait within a family
| compared to the general population
51
Twin studies
compare concordance rates between monozygotic (identical) and dizygotic (fraternal) twins.
52
Adoption studies
compare similarities between adopted children and their adoptive parents, relative to similarities with their biological parents
53
Rooting reflex
infant turns his or her head toward anything that
| brushes the cheek
54
Moro reflex
the infant extends the arms, then slowly retracts them
| and cries in response to a sensation of falling
55
Babinski reflex
the big toe is extended and the other toes fan in
| response to the brushing of the sole of the foot
56
Grasping reflex
the infant grabs anything put into his or her hand
57
Neurotransmitters that act as natural painkillers are...
Endorphins and enkephalins
58
Dopamine function
maintains smooth movements and steady posture
59
γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and glycine function
act as brain “stabilizers"
60
Glutamate function
acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain
61
Serotonin function
modulates mood, sleep patterns, eating patterns, and dreaming
62
Sensation Definition
Conversion or transduction,of physical,electromagnetic,
auditory, and other information from our internal and external environment to electrical signals in the central nervous system
63
Perception Definition
processing of sensory information to make sense of its significance.
64
Sensory Ganglia
collections of neuron cell bodies found outside the central nervous system
65
Photoreceptors
respond to electromagnetic waves in the visible spectrum (sight)
66
Hair cells as receptors
respond to movement of fluid in the inner ear structures (hearing,rotational and linear acceleration)
67
Nociceptors
respond to painful or noxious stimuli (somatosensation)
68
Thermoreceptors
respond to changes in temperature (thermosensation)
69
Osmoreceptors
respond to the osmolarity of the blood (water homeostasis)
70
Olfactory receptors
respond to volatile compounds (smell)
71
Taste receptors
respond to dissolved compounds (taste)
72
Threshold (perception and sensation)
The minimum amount of a stimulus that renders a difference in perception (a change in signal transduction)
73
3 main types of thresholds
1) Absolute threshold
2) Threshold of conscious perception
3) Difference threshold.
74
Absolute threshold
The minimum stimulus energy at which a stimulus will be converted into an action potential to activate sensory system
SENSATION NOT PERCEPTION
75
Thresholds can also be called...
limina
76
Threshold of conscious perception
Minimum stimulus energy to be brought into awareness (perception)
77
Difference threshold also known as...
Just-noticeable difference (jnd)
78
Difference threshold
minimum difference in magnitude between two stimuli before one can perceive this difference
79
Weber’s law (Threshold)
There is a constant ratio between the change in stimulus magnitude needed to produce a jnd and the magnitude of the original stimulus.
80
Response bias
Tendency of subjects to systematically respond to a stimulus in a particular way due to nonsensory factors.
81
Signal detection theory
Changes in perception of the same stimuli depending on both internal (psychological) and external (Environmental) context
82
Adaptation
Decrease in response to a stimulus over time (Example: Adapting to cold water until it doesn't feel so cold anymore)
83
Learning
The way in which we acquire new behaviors
84
Habituation
Repeated exposure to the same stimulus can cause a
| decrease in response
85
Dishabituation
Recovery of a response to a stimulus, usually after a
different stimulus has been presented. Note that the term refers to changes in response to the original stimulus, not the new one.
86
2 Types of associative learning
1) Classical conditioning
| 2) Operant conditioning
87
Classical Conditioning
Associative learning that takes advantage of biological, instinctual responses to create associations between two unrelated stimuli.
88
Unconditioned stimulus
Naturally occurring stimulus that will automatically elicit a reflexive response (example: salivating when smelling food)
89
Neutral stimuli
Stimuli that do not produce a reflexive response
90
Unconditioned Response
The unlearned response that occurs naturally in response to the unconditioned stimulus
91
Conditioned Stimulus
A normally neutral stimulus that, through association, now causes a reflexive response called the conditioned response
92
Conditioned Response
The learned response to the previously neutral stimulus.
93
Aquisition
The process of acquiring a conditioned response to a previously neutral stimulus
94
Extinction in classical conditioning
The conditioned stimulus is presented without the unconditioned stimulus enough times, the organism can become habituated to the conditioned stimulus
95
Spontaneous recovery in classical conditioning
if an extinct conditioned stimulus is presented again, a weak conditioned response can sometimes be exhibited
96
Generalization in classical conditioning
A broadening effect by which a stimulus similar enough to the conditioned stimulus can also produce the conditioned response.
97
Discrimination in classical conditioning
An organism learns to distinguish between two similar
| stimuli. Opposite of generalization
98
Father of classical conditioning
Ivan Pavlov
99
Father of operant conditioning and behaviorism
B.F Skinner
100
Behaviorism
The theory that all behaviors are conditioned
101
Operant conditioning
Links voluntary behaviors with consequences in an effort to alter the frequency of those behaviors
102
Reinforcement in operant conditioning
The process of increasing the likelihood that an individual will perform a behavior.
103
Positive reinforcers in operant conditioning
Increase a behavior by adding a positive consequence or incentive following the desired behavior.
104
Negative reinforcers in operant conditioning
Increase the frequency of a behavior, but they do so by removing something unpleasant.
105
Reinforcement effect on behavior
Any reinforcement—positive or negative—increases
| the likelihood that a behavior will be performed
106
2 types of negative reinforcers in operant conditioning
1) Escape learning
| 2) Avoidance learning
107
Escape learning
The role of the behavior is to reduce the unpleasantness of something that already exists, like a headache
108
Avoidance learning
Meant to prevent the unpleasantness of something that has yet to happen.
109
Punishment in operant conditioning
Uses conditioning to reduce the occurrence
| of a behavior.
110
Positive punishment in operant conditioning
Adds an unpleasant consequence in response to a behavior to reduce that behavior
111
Negative punishment in operant conditioning
The reduction of a behavior when a stimulus is removed.
112
Fixed-ratio (FR) schedules
Reinforce a behavior after a specific number of
| performances of that behavior (ex: every 3 times)
113
Continuous reinforcement
A fixed-ratio schedule in which the behavior is rewarded every time it is performed
114
Variable-ratio (VR) schedules
Reinforce a behavior after a varying number
of performances of the behavior, but such that the average number of performances to receive a reward is relatively constant
115
Fixed-interval (FI) schedules
Reinforce the first instance of a behavior after
| a specified time period has elapsed.
116
Variable-interval (VI) schedules
Reinforce a behavior the first time that behavior
| is performed after a varying interval of time
117
Which schedule of operant learning works the fastest for learning a new behavior?
Variable-ratio works the fastest for learning a new behavior,and is also the most resistant to extinction
VR- Very Rapid and Very Resistant
118
Shaping
Shaping is the process of rewarding increasingly specific behaviors
119
Latent learning
Learning that occurs without a reward but that is spontaneously demonstrated once a reward is introduced
120
Observational learning
The process of learning a new behavior or gaining
| information by watching others.
121
Mirror neurons location
Located in the frontal and parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex
122
Mirror neurons function
Fire both when an individual performs an action and when that individual observes someone else performing that action
123
The formation of memories can be divided into three major processes...
1) Encoding
2) Storage
3) Retrieval
124
Encoding
The process of putting new information into memory
