Behavioral Sciences

Question 1

What are the three types of neurons in nervous system?

Answer 1

Motor (efferent), interneuron, sensory (afferent)

Question 2

What is the function of parasympathetic nervous system vs Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 2

parasympathetic- rest and digest
sympathetic- fight or flight

Question 3

What actions occur in parasympathetic system?

Answer 3

-Constrict pupils
- stimulate flow of saliva
-Constrict bronchi
-Slows heartbeat
-stimulates peristalsis
-stimulate bile release
-contracts bladder

Question 4

What actions occur in sympathetic system?

Answer 4

-Dilate pupils
-inhibits Saliva
-Dilates bronchi
-Accelerates heartbeat
-inhibits peristalsis and secretion
-Stimulates glucose production and release
-inhbits bladder contraction

Question 5

Which brain structures are in the Hindbrain?

Answer 5

Hindbrain: cerebellum, medulla oblongata, reticular formation

Question 6

Which brain structures are in the midbrain ?

Answer 6

inferior and superior colliculus

Question 7

which brain structures are in the forebrain ?

Answer 7

thalamus, hypothalamus, basal ganglia, limbic system and cerebral cortex

Question 8

What is the function of the thalamus?

Answer 8

relay station for sensory system

Question 9

function of hypothalamus?

Answer 9

maintain homeostasis and integrate endocrine system through hypophyseal portal system (connecting to anterior pituitary)

Question 10

Function of Basal Ganglia?

Answer 10

Basal Ganglia: smoothens movements and helps maintain postural stability

Question 11

What is function of limbic system?

Answer 11

controls emotion and memory

Question 12

which structures are part of limbic system?

Answer 12

Amygdala (fear and aggression) hippocampus (memory0 and fornix (communication)

Question 13

What is the function of Acetylcholine?

Answer 13

voluntary muscle control, parasympathetic nervous system, attention and alertness

Question 14

What is the function of Dopamine?

Answer 14

smooth movements, postural stability

Question 15

What is function of Serotonin?

Answer 15

controls mood, sleep ,eating, dreaming

Question 16

What is Weber’s Law?

Answer 16

Discusses that the just-noticeable difference is proportional to magnitude of stimulus (and constant over most stimuli)

Question 17

What is the visual pathway ?

Answer 17

Retina—> Optic nerve—> optic chiasm—> optic tracts—> Lateral geniculate nucleus (thalamus)—> visual radiations—> Visual cortex

Question 18

What ear structure detects sound?

Answer 18

Cochlea

Question 19

Which ear structures detect linear acceleration?

Answer 19

Utricle and saccule

Question 20

which ear structures detect rotational acceleration ?

Answer 20

Semicircular Canals

Question 21

What is the Auditory pathway?

Answer 21

Cochlea—> Vestibulocochlear nerve—> medial geniculate nucleus—> auditory cortex

Question 22

What are the touch modalities for Somatosensation?

Answer 22

pressure, vibration, pain and temperature

Question 23

Describe Bottom Up processing

Answer 23

recognize objects by parallel processing and feature detection
(Slower, but less mistakes)

Question 24

Describe Top down processing

Answer 24

recognize objects by memories and expectations (pay little attention to detail)
- fast, prone to more mistakes

Question 25

Differentiate between positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement

Answer 25

Positive reinforcement : Adding a stimulus to continue the behavior Negative reinforcement: Removing a stimulus to continue behavior (reinforcement: always continuing behavior)

Question 26

Differentiate between positive punishment and negative punishment

Answer 26

Positive Punishment : Adding a stimulus to Stop behavior Negative Punishment : removing a stimulus to stop behavior punishment: always stopping behavior

Question 27

What waves are present in awake stage? Features?

Answer 27

Beta and Alpha waves features: perceive,process and express information

Question 28

What waves are present in stages 1 and 2 ? Features ?

Answer 28

Stage 1: theta ; light sleep Stage 2 theta : sleep spindles and K complexes

Question 29

What waves appear in stages 3 and 4? Features?

Answer 29

stage 3/4 : Delta slow-wave sleep, declarative memory,

Question 30

Which waves appear in REM stage ? Features?

Answer 30

Mostly beta; Appear awake physiologically; procedural memory

Question 31

Which sleep disorders are dyssomnias?

Answer 31

Narcolepsy, Insomnia, sleep apnea, and sleep deprivation

Question 32

which sleep disorders are parasomnias?

Answer 32

night terrors and sleep walking

Question 33

Which pathway mediates drug addiction? What structures are involved?

Answer 33

Mesolimbic pathway: nucleus accumbens, medial forebrain bundle, ventral tegmental area (dopamine- main neurotransmitter)

Question 34

Which drugs are depressants and what are their functions

Answer 34

Alcohol, barbiturates, benzodiazepines - sense of relaxation and reduced anxiety

Question 35

which drugs are stimulants? function?

Answer 35

amphetamines, cocaine, ecstasy -increase arousal

Question 36

which drugs are opiates/opoids? Functions?

Answer 36

Heroin, morphine, opium, pain pills -decreased reaction to pain; euphoria

Question 37

which drugs represent hallucinogens? functions?

Answer 37

LSD, Peyote, mescaline, ketamine, mushrooms -distort reality and fantasy; introspection

Question 38

Differentiate between deductive reasoning and inductive reasoning ?

Answer 38

Deductive reasoning: make a conclusion from general rules inductive reasoning: make a generalization from evidence

Question 39

What is conduction aphasia? How does it occur?

Answer 39

inability to repeat words even if speech generation and comprehension is intact -damage to the arcuate fasiculus (connects Broca's to wernicke's area)

Question 40

What are the seven universal emotions ?

Answer 40

happiness, sadness, contempt, surprise, fear, disgust, and anger

Question 41

What occurs in primary appraisal of stress?

Answer 41

you classify a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful

Question 42

Describe what occurs in secondary appraisal of stress ?

Answer 42

you evaluate whether the organism can cope with stress based on threat, harm and challenge

Question 43

What are the three stages of general adaptation syndrome ?

Answer 43

alarm, resistance and exhaustion

Question 44

What is cyclothymic disorder ?

Answer 44

Disorder that contains hypomanic episodes and dysthymia (milder form of depression)

Question 45

What is Agoraphobia?

Answer 45

fear of places or situations where it is hard for an individual to escape

Question 46

List Erikson's 8 stages of psychosocial development

Answer 46

1. Trust vs Mistrust 2. Autonomy vs Shame and Doubt 3. Initiative vs Guilt 4. Industry vs Inferiority 5. Identity vs Role confusion 6. Intimacy vs Isolation 7. Generativity vs Stagnation 8. Integrity vs Despair

Question 47

Describe trait theorist's big Five?

Answer 47

- Openness -Conscientiousness - Extraversion -Agreeableness - Neuroticism (OCEAN)

Question 48

What is Conversion disorder?

Answer 48

Conversion Disorder: having unexplained symptoms that affect motor or sensory function

Question 49

Which personality disorders fall in cluster A?

Answer 49

Paranoid, schizotypal, schizoid (A: odd, eccentric)

Question 50

Which personality disorders fall in cluster B?

Answer 50

-antisocial, borderline, histrionic, narcissistic (dramatic, emotional, erratic, wild)

Question 51

which personality disorders fall in cluster C?

Answer 51

Avoidant, dependent, obsessive-compulsive (fearful, worried)

Question 52

Differentiate between group polarization and groupthink

Answer 52

Group polarization : make decisions in a group that are more EXTREME than individual ideas group think: make decisions within a group without considering outside ideas

Question 53

Differentiate between conformity and compliance

Answer 53

Conformity : changing your belief or behavior to fit in a society Compliance : changing your behavior based on the request of others