Behavioral Sciences Ch5

Question 1

Motivation

Answer 1

The purpose, or driving force, behind our actions

Question 2

Extrinsic motivation

Answer 2

based on external circumstances

Question 3

Intrinsic Motivation

Answer 3

Based on internal drive or perception

Question 4

Instincts

Answer 4

Innate, fixed patterns of behaviour

Question 5

Instinct Theory of Motivation

Answer 5

People perform certain behaviors because of these evolutionarily programmed instincts

Question 6

Arousal Theory

Answer 6

People perform actions to maintain arousal, the state of being awake and reactive to stimuli, at an optimal level

Question 7

Yerkes- Dodson Law

Answer 7

Performance is optimal at a medium level of arousal

Question 8

Drives

Answer 8

Internal states of tension that beget particular behaviors focused on goals
- Primary Drives: bodily processes
- Secondary Drives: Stem learning and include accomplishments and emotions

Question 9

Drive reduction theroy

Answer 9

Motivation arises from the desire to eliminate drives, which create uncomfortable internal states

Question 10

Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs

Answer 10

Prioritizes needs into five categories
- Physiological
- safety and security
- love and belonging
- self-esteem
- self-actualization

Question 11

Self-determination theroy

Answer 11

The role of three universal needs: autonomy, competence, relatedness

Question 12

Incentive theory

Answer 12

Explains motivation as the desire to pursue rewards and avoid punishment

Question 13

Expectancy-value theory

Answer 13

The amount of motivation for a task is based on the individual’s expectation of success and the amount that success is valued

Question 14

Opponent-processing theory

Answer 14

Explains motivation for drug use: as drug use increases, the body counteracts its effect, leading to tolerance and uncomfortable withdrawal symptoms

Question 15

Sexual motivations

Answer 15

Relate to hormone release as well as social and cultural factors

Question 16

Emotion

Answer 16

A state of mind, or feeling, that is subjectively experienced based on circumstances, mood, and relationships

Question 17

What are the 3 components of emotion

Answer 17

Cognitive, behavioral and physiological

Question 18

Seven universal emotions

Answer 18

Happiness
Sadness
contempt
surprise
fear
disgust
anger

Question 19

James-Lange Theory

Answer 19

Nervous system arousal leads to an emotional experience

Question 20

Cannon-Bard Theory

Answer 20

Arousal of the nervous system and the experience of emotion occur simultaneously

Question 21

Schachter-Singer Theory

Answer 21

Nervous system arousal is combined with cognition to create the experience of emotion

Question 22

Limbic System

Answer 22

Primary nervous system component involved in experiencing emotion

Question 23

Limbic System: Amygdala

Answer 23

Involved with attention and fear, helps interpret facial expression and is part of the intrinsic memory system for emotional memory

Question 24

Limbic System: Thalamus

Answer 24

sensory processing station

Question 25

Limbic System: Hypothalamus

Answer 25

releases neurotransmitters that affect mood and arousal

Question 26

Limbic System: Hippocampus

Answer 26

Creates long-term explicit memories

Question 27

Limbic System: Prefrontal cortex

Answer 27

Involved in planning, expressing personality and making decisions VENTRAL PREFRONTAL CORTEX - critical for experiencing emotion, specifically involved in controlling emotional responses from the amygdala and decision making

Question 28

Stress

Answer 28

The physiological and cognitive response to challenges or life changes

Question 29

Stress Appraisal

Answer 29

1. Primary Appraisal: classifying a potential stressor as irrelevant, benign-positive or stressful 2. Secondary Appraisal: Directed at evaluating if the organsim can cope with the stress, based on harm, threat and challenge

Question 30

Stressor

Answer 30

Anything that leads to a stress response and can include environment, daily events, workplace or academic settings, social expectations, chemicals and biological stressors

Question 31

General adaption syndrome

Answer 31

Alarm: initial reaction Resistance: continuous release of hormones allow for maintained engagement Exhaustion: Body can no longer maintain an elevated response