behaviorism

Question 1

learning

Answer 1

A relatively permanent long term change in behaviour as a result of experience. (We learn through contingencies and discrepencies)

Question 2

Behaviorism

Answer 2

School of thought that assumes a learner is passive, responding only to environmental stimuli.The learner is born as a clean slate (Tabula Rasa).
Behaviourists try to explain the causes of behaviour by studying only those behaviours that can be observed and measured. They believed that prior to behaviourism,‘unscientific’ methods: introspection (structuralism), the unconscious mind (Freud).

Question 3

two types of learning processes (associative learning)

Answer 3

1) classicla conditioning
2) operant conditioning

Question 4

Ivan pavlov (1878-1936)

Answer 4

Russian physiologist, psychologist and physician

Question 5

John B. Watson (1878-1958)

Answer 5

Father of behaviorism (Little ALbert study), american psychologist, established the psychological school of behaviorism after doing research on animals

Question 6

B.F. Skinner (1904-1990)

Answer 6

american psychologist, operant conditioning, behaviorist, inventor, soical philosopher, famous for skinner’s box, rofessor of psychology at Harvard University from 1958 to 1974, first to study the behavioural effects of punishment and reinforcement

Question 7

Classical conditioning

Answer 7

Unconditioned Stimulus (US): Causes a response automatically (ex. Food)

Unconditioned Response (UR): Innate reflex response caused by an unconditioned stimulus. (ex. Salivation)

Neutral stimulus: Stimulus that does not evoke a response. It didn’t mean anything before conditioning took place (ex. bell)

Conditioned Stimulus (CS): Stimulus (bell) that evokes a response (salivation) because it has been repeatedly paired with an unconditioned stimulus (food).

Conditioned response (CR): learned response (salivation) elicited by a conditioned stimulus (bell)

Conditioned response same as unconditioned response.

Question 8

Higher order conditioning

Answer 8

extending the conditioning process by a step. Higher-order conditioningis when you pair a 2nd neutral stimulus (ex. light) with the conditioned stimulus (the bell). So, you pair light-bell until the dog’s conditioned response to the bell, also becomes conditioned to the light.

Question 9

stimulus discrimination

Answer 9

When an organism learns to respond differently to various stimuli that are similar

Question 10

phobia

Answer 10

fear of a particular object may have resulted from Classical conditionning

Question 11

generalization

Answer 11

Other stimuli (santa claus beard, white hair, etc) that are similar to CS (white rat) may also cause a response (crying).

Question 12

Extinction

Answer 12

Weakening the CR (crying) through the removal of the US (hammer, loud noise). May take several tries to completely reverse conditioning

Question 13

Spontaneous recovery

Answer 13

Reappearance of a conditioned stimulus response after apparent extinction.

Question 14

operant conditioning

Answer 14

a method of learning that occurs through reinforcements and punishments for behaviour.
We learn to perform certain behaviours more often because they result in rewards and learn to avoid other behaviours because they result in punishment or adverse consequences.

Question 15

Components of operant conditioning

Answer 15

reinforcement and punishment

Question 16

reinforcement

Answer 16

any event that strengthens or increases the behavior it follows

Question 17

punishment

Answer 17

any event that causes a decrease in the behavior it follows

Question 18

positive reinforcement

Answer 18

favorable events or outcomes that are presented after the behavior. A response or behavior is strengthened by the addition of something(ex. a praise or a direct reward).

Question 19

negative reinforcement

Answer 19

The removal of unfavorable events or outcomes after the display of a behavior. In these situations, a response is strengthened by the removal of something considered unpleasant.

Question 20

skinner’s box

Answer 20

invented to prove the theory of operzant conditioning.
Designed to teach rats how to push a lever (a behaviour that is not natural to rats). Operant conditioning with positive and negative reinforcement were performed to teach the behaviour.
Positive Reinforcement: Rat rewarded with food when he pressed the lever
Negative Reinforcement: Rat was able to turn off electric shocks produced by the floor by pressing lever

Question 21

Positive punishment

Answer 21

Involves the presentation of an unfavorable event or outcome in order to weaken the response it follows.

Question 22

Negative punishment

Answer 22

Occurs when a favorable event or outcome is removed after a behavior occurs.

Question 23

shaping

Answer 23

Used to teach: complex behavior or chain behaviours. Skinner used shaping to teach pigeons many complex behaviours, turning in circles, ping pong, telling difference between different words, etc.

Instead of rewarding only the target behavior, in shaping, we reward successive approximations of a target behavior.

Question 24

schedule of reinforcement

Answer 24

A schedule of reinforcement determines when and how often reinforcement of a behavior is given. Behaviorists discovered that different schedules of reinforcement had different effects on the speed of learning.

Question 25

different schedules of reinforcement

Answer 25

Fixed Interval Schedules: A reinforcement of appropriate behaviour that is delivered after a specified interval of time has elapsed. (Ex. After 5, 10, 15, and 20 minutes) Variable Interval Schedules: This is a reinforcement of appropriate behaviour that is delivered at unpredictable time intervals (Ex. After 5, 7, 10, and 20 minutes). Fixed Ratio Schedules: A reinforcement of a desired behaviour occurs only after a specified number of actions have been performed. (Ex. A reward is given for every 4 correct responses.) Variable Ratio Schedules: A reinforcement of a desired behaviour occurs after a variable number of actions have been performed. (Ex. A reward is given after 3 to 7 correct responses, the actual number changes randomly. (Ex. Gambling) Continuous Reinforcement: An animal or human is positively reinforced every time a specific behaviour occurs.

Question 26

social learning theory

Answer 26

We learn by watching others and then imitating, or modeling, what they do or say. The individuals performing the imitated behavior are called models.

Question 27

Vicarious learning

Answer 27

is a way of learning that allows individuals to learn from the experience of others. It is a conscious process that involves sensing, feeling, and empathizing with what people are doing and taking notes, and evaluating.

Question 28

live model

Answer 28

demonstrates a behavior in person

Question 29

verbal instructional

Answer 29

model does not perform the behavior, but instead explains or describes the behavior, as when a soccer coach tells his young players to kick the ball with the side of the foot, not with the toe.

Question 30

symbolic model

Answer 30

can be fictional characters or real people who demonstrate behaviors in books, movies, television shows, video games, or Internet sources

Question 31

steps of social learing theory

Answer 31

1-you must be focused on what the model is doing—you have to pay attention 2- you must be able to retain, or remember, what you observed; this is retention 3- Then, you must be able to perform the behavior that you observed and committed to memory; this is reproduction Finally, you must have motivation. You need to want to copy the behavior, and whether or not you are motivated depends on what happened to the model. If you saw that the model was reinforced for her behavior, you will be more motivated to copy her.