behaviorism,SLT,cognitive,biological Flashcards
APPROACHES (60 cards)
what are the 3 types of consequences of behavior in operant conditioning?
positive reinforcement- receiving a reward for a certain behavior
negative reinforcement- when you avoid something unpleasant (e.g. handing in essay to avoid detention)
punishment- an unpleasant consequence of behavior
what is operant conditioning?
form of learning in which behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences
when does classical conditioning occur?
when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together- an unconditioned and new neutral stimulus. the neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unlearned stimulus alone
who suggested the theory of operant conditioning?
Skinner
what did Pavlov use in his research and what were the findings (outcome) of the research?
dogs
he was able to show how a neutral stimulus (the bell) can come to illicit a new learned response (conditioned response) through association
what type of experiments do behaviorists rely on, as it helps to maintain more control and objectivity?
lab experiments
what is classical conditioning and who first demonstrated it?
classical conditioning- learning through association
Pavlov
what is the behaviorist approach?
a way of explaining behavior in terms of
what is observable and
in terms of learning
5 evaluative points for social learning theory
SLT provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning
over-reliance on evidence from lab studies
underestimates the influence of biological factors
explains cultural differences in behavior
less deterministic than behaviorist approach
do role models have to be physically present in the environment for people to imitate their behavior?
no
how does a person become a role model in terms of ‘modelling’ and identification? (3 ways)
possess similar characteristics to the observer
are attractive
have high status
are people (especially children) more likely to imitate the behavior of people with whom they identify (role models)?
yes
what are the 4 mediational processes in learning identified by Bandura?
- attention- the extent to which we notice certain behaviors
- retention- how well the behavior is remembered
- motor reproduction- ability to perform behavior
- motivation- the will to perform the behavior, determined by whether the behavior was rewarded or punished
when does vicarious reinforcement occur?
indirect learning
learner observes the behavior of someone, and may imitate it if the behavior is seen to be rewarded (reinforced) rather than punished
who proposed social learning theory as a development of the behaviorist approach?
Bandura
does SLT suggest that learning occurs directly, through classical and operant conditioning, but also indirectly?
yes
what is social learning theory?
combines behaviorist approach (behavior is learnt from experience) with SLT- people learn through observation and imitation of others within a social context
5 evaluation points for the behaviorist approach
it has scientific credibility
it has real life applications (e.g. operant conditioning is the basis of token economies)
mechanist view of behavior- SLT/cognitive argue for mental process- behaviorist may apply more to animals
deterministic
ethical/practical issues issues in animal studies
what is the cognitive approach?
how our mental processes affect behavior
what areas of human behavior does the cognitive approach investigate that SLT and behaviorists ignore?
memory, perception and thinking
how does the cognitive approach observe these processes?
they study them indirectly by making inferences based on their behavior
one way to study internal processes according to the cognitive approach
theoretical methods
what does the informational processing approach suggest and what is it?
a theoretical method
information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages that includes input, storage and retrieval, as in the multi-store model
what is the computer model?
the mind is compared to a computer by suggesting there are similarities in the way information is processed
there is a central processing unit (the brain), coding (to turn information into a usable format), and stores to hold information
