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Physiology of Behaviour > Behavioural Endocrinology > Flashcards

Behavioural Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Nervous VS endocrine systems- speed of action

A

Nervous = rapid
Endocrine = slower

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2
Q

Nervous VS endocrine systems-how long does the action last?

A

Nervous= short acting
Endocrine = long acting

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3
Q

Nervous VS endocrine systems-medium of transmission

A

Nervous= electrical impulses
Endocrine = through bodily fluids

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4
Q

Nervous VS endocrine systems-precision of target

A

Nervous= very precise
Endocrine = widespread

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5
Q

Nervous VS endocrine systems- mode of control

A

Nervous= voluntary and involuntary
Endocrine = in voluntary only

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6
Q

What is neuroendocrine?

A

Neuroendocrine regulation involves the action of both nervous and endocrine systems

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7
Q

What was Bertholds experiment (rooster)

A

demonstrated experimentally that a product of testees was necessary for an immature Cockrell to develop into a normal adult rooster

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8
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

A system of glands secreting, organic, chemical messages (hormones) into the blood, lymph or tissue fluid where they may then act on a target tissue or organ

Hormones coordinate the physiology and behaviour of an animal by regulating, integrating and controlling it’s bodily functions.

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9
Q

What are the seven endocrine glands?

A
  1. Pituitary gland
  2. Parathyroid glands
  3. Adrenal glands
  4. Ovaries in females and testes in males
  5. Pancreas
  6. Thyroid gland
  7. Hypothalamus.
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10
Q

What does the hypothalamus do?

A

There are modified neurons called neurosecretory cells, which are specialised for the release of hormones
Neuro hormones are released in response to neuronal impulses
Regulates the activities of the pituitary gland

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11
Q

What are the two types of anatomical components in the pituitary gland?

A
  1. Anterior
  2. Posterior
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12
Q

Pituitary glands and hormones

A

Neurohormones reach the anterior pituitary by a special closed blood system with two capillary beds, ensuring blood flow in one direction and hormones reach the pituitary

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13
Q

Anterior pituitary hormones

A

Trophic hormone

e.g. ACTH, FSH, TSH, Prolactin, LH and GH

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14
Q

Hormones in the posterior pituitary gland

A

Vasopressin and oxytocin

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15
Q

What does the thyroid gland do?

A

Produces thyroid hormones which regulate growth, development and metabolism

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16
Q

What are C cells in the thyroid gland?

A

C cells secrete a protein hormone called calcitonin which involved in calcium metabolism

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17
Q

What does the parathyroid gland do?

A

Secretes a protein hormone called parathyroid hormone which has a role in calcium regulation

18
Q

What does the pancreatic gland do?

A

Produces and secretes digestive enzymes into the intestines

Throughout are islands of endocrine tissues, known as islets of Langerhabs that secretes protein hormones, such as insulin and glucagon into the bloodstream

19
Q

What does the adrenal gland do?

A

In mammals, the adrenal cortex is composed of three distinct zones, which all produce a different type of steroid hormone, which controls different mechanisms

The adrenal medulla secretes adrenaline and noradrenaline

20
Q

What do the ovaries or testes do?

A

Produce gametes example. sperm or egg
Produces steroid hormones required for gamete development and development of secondary sex characteristics

These are regulated by trophic hormones known as gonadotrophins from the anterior pituitary

21
Q

What are the six other endocrine structure?

A
  1. The pineal gland- melatonin
  2. Placenta- progesterone and prostaglandin
  3. Kidneys- erythropoietin and renin
  4. Gastrointestinal tract- gastrin
  5. Heart- atrial natriuretic peptide
  6. Adipose tissue- Liptin
22
Q

What are the four classes of hormone secreted by endocrine glands

A
  1. Protein/peptide hormones
  2. Steroid hormones
    3.Monoamies
  3. Lipid based hormones
23
Q

Protein/peptide hormones examples

A

Stored and release as exocytosis

E.g. insulin, glucagon, neurohormones, trophic hormones, calcitonin, parathyroid hormone and leptin

24
Q

Steroid hormones examples

A

Precursor is cholesterol, bind to carrier proteins

Androgens (e.g.testosterone), glucocorticoids (e.g.cortisol), mineralocorticoids (e.g. aldosterone), neurosteroids

25
Q

Monoamines example

A

Derived from a single amino acid

Catechol amines (e.g. Adrenaline and noradrenalin), indole amines (e.g. melatonin and serotonin)

26
Q

Lipid based hormone examples

A

Prostaglandin

Acts as autocrine and paracrine factors

27
Q

Control of hormone secretions

A

Stimulated or inhibited by:

Signals from nervous system
Chemical changes in blood
Other hormones

Such as feedback loops

28
Q

What is a signal transduction pathway?

A

A process by which a chemical or physical signal is transmitted through a cell as a series of molecular events, which ultimately results in a cellular response

29
Q

What are target cells?

A

Hormones can directly influence only cells that have specific receptors

There needs to be sufficient number of appropriate hormone receptors available fora specific hormone to produce any effects

30
Q

Steroid hormone receptors

A

Located inside cells

Steroids are lipid soluble so can penetrate the cell membrane to bind with receptors

Effects are long lasting

31
Q

Protein/peptide hormone receptors

A

Embedded in the cell membrane

cAMP acts as a second messenger

Acts quickly but effects are short-lasting

32
Q

Hormone receptors

A

Hormones often affect the level of their own receptors

33
Q

Hormones receptors- upregulation example

A

An increase in blood concentrations of prolactin stimulates the production of more prolactin receptors

34
Q

Hormone receptors- down regulation example

A

High insulin concentrations reduce the number of insult receptors

35
Q

Hormone receptors-heterospecific priming example

A

Oestrogen can increase the number of uterine receptors for progestins

36
Q

What is behaviour endocrinology?

A

The scientific study of the neuroendocrine system and its effect on behaviour

37
Q

Bidirectional hormones

A

Hormones can affect behaviour, but behaviour can also influence hormoneconcentrations

38
Q

How might behaviour affect hormones? Examples

A

Signs of a territorial intruder may elevate blood testosterone concentrations in the resident male, thereby stimulating vocalising or fighting behaviour
Males that lose a fight shows reduced circulating testosterone for several days/weeks afterwards

39
Q

Three conditions that must be met by experimental results for a link between hormones and behaviour

A
  1. A hormonally-dependent behaviour should disappear when source of hormone is removed
  2. After behaviour stops, restoration of missing hormonal source should reinstate absent behaviour
  3. Hormone concentrations & behaviour should be covariant- behaviour observed only when hormone concentrations are high and never/rarely observed when low
40
Q

What does leptin influence?

A

Appetite, satiety and motivated behaviours oriented towards maintenance of energy reserves

41
Q

Leptin

A

Produced by the adipose cells and acts on the hypothalamus

Physiology of Behaviour (12 decks)

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