Behavioural Science And Socio-cultural Psychiatry

Question 1

Nomothetic Approach

Answer 1

This looks at personality in terms of dimensions and traits. These traits are thought to be common to many people.

Eysenck and Cattell

Question 2

Trait

Answer 2

An internal psychological disposition that is largely unchanged throughout the lifespan and determines differences between individuals.

Question 3

Gigantic 3

Answer 3

Eysenck identified 3 areas in which people can score high or low in.

Neuroticism vs Emotional Stability
Extraversion vs Introversion
Psychoticism vs Low psychoticism

Question 4

Eysenck’s Psychometric Tests

Answer 4

To test the Gigantic Three

• Maudsley Medical Questionnaire
• Eysenck Personality Questionnaire(EPI);
  Revised EPI (EPQ-R)
• Eysenck Personality Profiler (EPP)

Question 5

Five factor model or ‘Big 5’

Answer 5

Raymond Cattell (1905-88)

‘OCEAN’

Openness 
Conscientious 
Extraversion 
Agreeableness 
Neuroticism

16 source factors, underlying personality. 16PF questionnaire. ‘Lexical hypothesis’ = every aspect of our personality can be described by the words we use.

Question 6

Ideographic Theory

Answer 6

Focuses on the individual. It proposes that personalities can be changeable, with no fixed traits defining the individual.

Question 7

Gordon Allport

Founding figure of personality psychology

Answer 7

• Common traits
  Apply to individuals of the same background
  and form basis of adjustment to one’s
  environment
• Individual traits
  Personal disposition based on life experiences
  
  • Cardinal
  • Secondary
  • Central

Question 8

Allport - individual traits

Answer 8

Cardinal: traits which are all-pervading and dominate in directing an individual’s behaviour

Secondary: individual attitudes and preferences. May only surface on particular occasions.

Central: these traits shape the core personality of an individual

Question 9

Rogers (1902-1987)

Answer 9

‘Humanistic approach’

Individual personalities are shaped through self-knowledge and developed from interactions with the world.

• Positive regard
• Conditions of worth

Question 10

George Kelly

Answer 10

Personal construct theory

• theory of personality and cognition
• the way one views the world is based on
  constructs formed in our mind.

Argued personality and cognition function more on a conscious level.

Repertoire grid = helps patients to uncover their own constructs.

Question 11

Abraham Maslow (1908-70)

Answer 11

Hierarchy of needs

Phenomenological approach as interested in people’s individual experience of the world.

Question 12

Sigmund Freud

Answer 12

Founding father of psychoanalysis; main argument that we are often unaware of the motive behind our actions.

Question 13

Freud’s structural psychodynamic model of personality

1. Id
2. Ego
3. Super-ego

Answer 13

Id = largely unconscious, exits within the pleasure principle and primary process thinking.

Super-ego = governed by moral constraints.
Opposes the demands of id when
a tension reduction decision will
violate norms.
Ego = mediator between id and super ego.
Integrates personality and mediates links
with the outside world; home to defence
mechanisms. Governed by the
reality principle.

       Parts are pre-concscious, conscious and 
       unconscious

Question 14

Freud and consciousness

Answer 14

Conscious (thoughts and feelings of which you are currently aware)

Pre-conscious (available for recall from the unconscious, ordinarily memory)

Unconscious (operates outside the conscious mind, not accessible as blocked through quiescence)

Question 15

Freud’s Developmental stages

Answer 15

Development of personality through psychosexual development.

Oral 0-1.5 (dependent type)
Anal 1.5-3 (obsessive and controlling)
Phallic 3-5 (self-directed, oedipal conflict)
Latent 5-12 (a period of inactivity)
Genital 12+ (symbolic of gratification of infantile
desires)

Question 16

Freud

Oral phase

Answer 16

0 to 1.5 yrs

Dependent type

Child begins to form their ego, develops a body image

Question 17

Freud

Anal phase

Answer 17

1.5-3 years old

Obsessional, controlling

Ego development continues
Toilet training takes place

Question 18

Freud

Phallic

Answer 18

3-5 yrs old

Super-ego develops
Child is able to identify parents
Oedpial conflict begins

Question 19

Freud

Latent

Answer 19

5-12 years

Repression of drives

Childhood amnesia

Question 20

Freud

Genital

Answer 20

12 yrs +

Symbolic gratification of drives including secondary process thinking

(Ego directs behaviour and individual recognises restrictions imposed by super ego)

Question 21

Acculturation

Answer 21

Cultural and psychological change that takes place as a result of contact between 2 or more cultural groups and their individual members.

Assimilation
Integration
Separation
Marginalisation

Question 22

Assimilation

Answer 22

Individuals give up their home culture and embrace the dominant culture

Question 23

Integration

Answer 23

Maintaining the home culture but embracing the dominant culture

Question 24

Separation

Answer 24

Maintaining home culture and being isolated from the dominant culture

Question 25

Marginalisation

Answer 25

Giving up the home culture and failing to relate properly to the dominant culture

Question 26

Carl Jung

Answer 26

Swiss Psychiatrist, psychotherapist and founder of the School of Analytic Psychology. Theory of the psyche: 1. Conscious/ unconscious 2. Personal unconscious (based on individual experience) 3. Collective unconscious- reflects universal themes and ideas which are not personal to the individual.

Question 27

Jung Collective unconscious

Answer 27

He theorised that the brain stores memory of our evolutionary history Archetypes: - Anima, animus, shadow

Question 28

Jung Persona

Answer 28

Image we present to the world in relation to our character or role

Question 29

Erikson's 8 developmental stages

Answer 29

1. Trust vs Mistrust (0-1.5) 2. Autonomy vs Shame (1.5-3) 3. Initiative vs Guilt (3-5) 4. Industry vs Inferiority (5-12) 5. Identity vs role confusion (12-20) 6. Intimacy vs isolation (20-25) 7. Generativity vs stagnation (25-65) 8. Integrity vs despair 65+

Question 30

Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)

Answer 30

Most well known; Hathaway and McKcKinley - 567 statements - 0-120 can be used for psychopathology

Question 31

Myers-Briggs Type Indicator

Answer 31

Based on Jung's assumption that individuals use 4 psychological functions to experience the world: sensation, intuition, feeling and thinking. Extraversion- introversion Intuition - sensing Thinking- feeling Judging - perceiving

Question 32

Projective personality tests

Answer 32

Use of these tests has been declining - low reliability, argued based on faulty reasoning, cultural bias Rorschach Inkblot Test Thematic Apperception Test Sentence completion tests

Question 33

Objective Personality Tests

Answer 33

Self-report methods, ordinal scales, T/F -MMPI

Question 34

International Personality Disorder Examination | IPDE

Answer 34

Consistent with ICD10 and DSM V Self-administered screening questionnaire and semi-structured interview.

Question 35

International Personality Disorder Examination | IPDE

Answer 35

Consistent with ICD10 and DSM V Self-administered screening questionnaire and semi-structured interview.

Question 36

Deontology

Answer 36

Rules are key. | Duties determine the action to be taken in a given situation, regardless of the consequences.

Question 37

Teleology

Answer 37

Actions are determined by the greatest good for the greatest number.

Question 38

Consequentialism

Answer 38

The consequences of our actions are what matters most. 'The end justifies the means'

Question 39

Virtue Theory

Answer 39

Emphasis on the role of character and virtue rather than duty/consequences

Question 40

Declaration of Helsinki 1964

Answer 40

Ethical principles published by World Medical Association relating to experimentation on humans

Question 41

Nuremberg code 1947

Answer 41

Post WW2; code of ethics on human experimentation as result of doctors experimenting on people in concentration camps under Nazi regime. INFORMED CONSENT

Question 42

Declaration of Geneva 1948

Answer 42

Reaffirmed declaration of humanitarian aims of medicine by way of bringing Hippocratic Oath up to date

Question 43

Tempermant

Answer 43

Thomas and Chess 64% fall into one of 3 groups: 1. Easy Child 40% 2. Difficult Child 10% 3. Slow to warm up 15% Goodness of fit = compatibilty of environment and temperament 1

Question 44

Easy Child

Answer 44

40% High scores on regularity (degree they fall into a routine), approachability, adaptability, predominance of positive mood and mild intensity of reactivity

Question 45

Difficult Child

Answer 45

10% Polar opposite of easy children

Question 46

Slow to warm up

Answer 46

15% Moderately negative reactions to new things, however will warm eventually