belief system (2) Flashcards

Question

what is the study of the little green men

Answer 1

1967 = cambridge study an anomoly = lgm there might be life out of space = this was an unacceptable interpretation from the viewpoint of the scientific community - and one that would have finished their career - then fabricated their facts woolgar notes a scientific fact is simply socially constructed

Answer 2

scientific reseaqrch and science is not objective scientist fabricate fatcs ,research and findings and data = will be interpreted in such a way as it meets the aim of the scientist and what they want to find out tech and scientific instruments that favour the scientific research science is working in a socially constructed paradigm

Answer 3

polyanis all bs are ss

Answer 4

knor cetina - scientist fabricates facts research

Answer 5

research on astronomy was rejected he went against the paradigm he put forward a new theory on the origins of earth science -is socially constructed - when their facts dont fit in with society finsih this off

Answer 6

science- all knowledge is socially constructed and created by social groups normal science is a closed system that doesnt permit challenges to its paradigm , science is not objective because its socially constructed facts

Answer 7

see science knowledge as socially constructed

Answer 8

science is not obj because serving needs of capitalism creates profit for technoscience and big farmer - making money form doing research

Answer 9

male dominates and /// streamed

Answer 10

meta narrative that cannot be trusted as all of them is relative

Answer 11

in the modern era there was belief in constant progress science and reli dominanted thinking in retionsl society the spiritual and reli become less important

Answer 12

late modernity - Giddens in late modern society there are dounts about sciences objectivity late mod - beck science contriburtes to the uncertainty and risk in late mod society pos mod - llyotard - scicne is a meta narrativwe which is rejected by post modern society

Answer 13

reli- metanarlr science - llyotard science= meta narr leaders, prophets, saints - leading scientist- scientific geniues - newton blind faith - science dont have evidnece not all theories have beem proven with evidence ideology set of ideas impacted on others - compulsary teaching in school another opocentric, human centered- focused on human progress dogmatic ,accepted way of doing things that is not challenged- scientists work within a paradigm

Answer 14

a world view or set of ideas

Answer 15

distorted ,fake ideas about the world a partial or ine sided view of reality a self sustaining bs which irrational and not open to criticism

Answer 16

marxists - equality will never work cause it goes against human nature fem - ideo is a set of ideas which keeps women in their place - patriachal ideo or a potentially liberaying set of beliefs - fem

Answer 17

saw ideology as a closed system of thought - closed to evidence which challenge their beliefs ideologies reject alternative views they dont tolerate opposing ideas

Answer 18

marx said ideo was a false pic created by rc most important force in society is was class conflict between workers and rc

Answer 19

in capitalist soc workers are employed to produce goods which are sold by emplpyers for a profit only abit of this profit ends up in the workers wage - most kepy by the employer marx said if workerws were allowed ro notice thew unfairness they would revolt ruling ideas , ideo is needed by rc to make a unfair system to appear fair and legitatiate and thereofre keep it going marx claimed ideo creates fcc for the workers it gets thme to believe their system and their position within it are both fair and just by mystifying and falssifying their pic of reality func of ideo is to keep workers in the place and stop them from rebelling rc only have ideo cuase only thry have the need to create illusions

Answer 20

called the domination of rc ideology hegemony hegemonic ideas dont just rule they dominate nobody qs the rc right to rule gramsci argued that rc ideology intrenched in all areas of social life e.g reli , art and law however gramsci argues its posiible for the proletariet to challence rc hegemony because they have a dual consciousnesss

Answer 21

a mixture of rc ideology and ideas they develop from their own direct experience of exploitation and their struggle against it therefore possible for wc to develop consciousness and over throw capitalism

Answer 22

that its not the existence of a dominant ideology that keeps the workers in line and prevents the overthrow of capitalism abercrombie argue that its economic factors such as fear of unemployment that keep workers from rebelling

Answer 23

ideological state apparatuses isas are social insituins such as education,religion and the mass media. the isas are a tool of capitalism used to justify maintain and reproduce class inequalities. education transpits and reproduces ideology about what it means to be working class

Answer 24

nations are real and distinct communties each with its own unique characteristics and a long shared history every nation should be slef governing national loyalty should come before all others

Answer 25

that a nation is only a imagined community not a real one we will never know most of its memebers this imagined community can bind mill strangers togethr and create a sense of purpose.- func and neo func

Answer 26

critical of nationalism saw as a form of fcc as an interationalist he felt nationalism would divide the international wc this is because it encourgaes workers to believe they have more in common with capitalists of their own country than with the workers of other countiries enabled the rc of each capitalist country to persuade wc to fight wars on their behalf

Answer 27

Sees nationalism as fcc its claim that nations have existed since time is untrue Nationalism is a modern phenomenon Modern states need nationalism to impose national culture this will encourage social and economic cooperation

Answer 28

He claims rc use nationalism as an ideology to motivate the population to endure the hardships and suffering

Answer 29

As a secular civil reli like reli it intergrates individuals into larger social and political unit by making them feel part of something In modern societies people may be unwilling to believe in supernatural beings but may be willing to see themselves as part of a nation

Answer 30

It unites everyone into a single national community, regardless of class and religion Include collective rituals - such as nationals symblofs , flags and national anthem and learning nations history

Answer 31

Manheim work ok ideologue was done during the Id was done during the political and social upheaval

Answer 32

As partial and one sided

Answer 33

Ideological thought and utopian though

Answer 34

(Keeps thing the same ) justfies keeping’s as they are to reinforce the position and interests of privelledged groups there groups benefit from maintaining the status quo = their bs is conservative and favour hierarchy

Answer 35

Justifies social change & reflects the interest of the under privileged provides a vision of how society could be organised differently e.g the ex are disadv by the status quo & May favour Radiya change to a classless society manheim sees Marxism as eg of UT

Answer 36

Marxism could be seen as a utopian thought with its vision of an ideal future in society after the ruling class has been overthrown.

Answer 37

Maintains the status quo as it seeks to justify existing society with its emphasis on agreement concensus and stability

Answer 38

For Mannheim, this is a source of conflict in society. Different intellectuals, linked to different groups and classes, produce opposed and antagonistic ideas that justify the interests and claims of their group as against others

Answer 39

To get rid of the conflict there needs to merge the different ideologies. There needs to be a "free floating intelligentsia" that doesn't represent the views of one single group but merges elements of the different partial ideologies and utopias to create a "total world view" that represents the interests of society as a whole. However, many ideologies are diametrically opposed to one another and it is hard to imagine how they can be synthesised.

Answer 40

For example, for MARXISTS and FEMINISTS it is unlikely a singular ideology can exist to represent the interests of society as a whole. As Both perspectives see conflict between social groups and thus the existence of inequalities in society.

Answer 41

Feminists see gender inequality as the fundamental division and PATRIARCHAL IDEOLOGY plays a key role in legitimating it. Patriarchal ideology is a set of ideas that supports and justifies the position of men in society. Feminist Kate Millett (1970) suggests it is "The most pervasive ideology in our culture".

Answer 42

Women place in ho,em Men should be head of the fam Women should be responsible for housework and childcare

Answer 43

Patriarchal ideology can be found in science- reproduced ideas of women intellectuals and biological inferiority to men -19th century male doctors expressed the view that educate women would lead to the creation of a new race of puny and unfeminine Patriarchal ideology is e,bodied In science religions beliefs and practices

Answer 44

The term ideology is used in a wide variety of ways; it is most commonly regarded as a set of ideas and values shared by a social group. Others have defined it as a 'self-sustaining belief system' that is irrational and ignores criticism. In this sense, when someone uses the term ideology in this way to describe a belief system, is means they regard it as factually and/or morally wrong. sneg of ch

Answer 45

There are some distinctions that can be made between belief systems and ideologies. Belief systems are, for example, often associated with religious convictions, whereas ideology is a secular term. However, Karl Popper describes ideologies as 'secular religions' as he suggests that ideologies contain descriptive and normative elements which guide our behaviour in the same way religion provides us with norms and moral guidelines.

Answer 46

They give a meaning and means of interpreting and understanding the world

Answer 47

Ideology is a set of ideas, beliefs or principles. It is regarded as a secular set of ideas.-POPPer They claim the monopoly of the truth. So it is seen as rigid and inflexible, used to oppress people. Examples Marxism, Feminism, ruling class ideology, patriarchal ideology. Belief system is a set of ideas through which an individual makes sense of the world. These ideas usually have a religious basis. They aim to explain the world around us as well as provide us with a set of moral guidelines. Belief systems are based on faith and on what we think, but not actually know.

Answer 48

Religion has been seen by some sociologists as an Ideology. Marx saw religion as ideological and claimed it was used by the ruling class into accepting social inequalities. Ideologies are also like religions as they offer a means of interpreting and understanding the world. They differ, however as they are tied to the interests of a particular group whereas religious beliefs are not. There is one clear similarity between ideologies and religions in that they both claim to have a monopoly of truth. For example, Marxists always start from the assumption that the capitalist system is unjust and do not accept an opposing ideology, such as liberalism.

Answer 49

Cult • Bevere their teachings arejust one of many Paths do ne truth. • cults are more tolerant of their beliefs of others and of the behaviour of. their members • walis: cults are more loosely organised open to the outside world . cuts are more individualistic in that they allow individual members to decide what they will or will not accept

Answer 50

MembersniP: no concert of membership - Peop may simply join in or drop out as they will

Answer 51

Organisation : hierarchies and ideas of seniority are usually discouraged

Answer 52

cults do not claim to have a monopoly of truth - relatively tolerant Rs to the wider society - because of the wide range of cults there is no orientation to the wider society and cult activity is likely to be part time invorement + commitment +: Do not demend high levels of • commitment from their followers

Answer 53

membership: open to all formal rituals: baptism organisaran: theres hierarchy , pope at the top PoPe, clergy , bishop : - organised hierarchy . worship and ritual : restrained and fixed to traditional Sense of legitimacy: claim monopoly of truth they have the right idea - closed system Rs te wider society: accepting to wider society linked to the state Eg Church of England Involvement and commitment : lone levels of levels of commitment if you’re a member a large formal reli organ most commonly associated with christianity

Answer 54

smaller and informal reli groups e.g methodists

Answer 55

small reli group often hostile to the world members strictylu characterised by a charasmatic leader e.g peoples temple

Answer 56

loose knit organisation with spiritual organisations which emphasise the indivdiual e.g scientology

Answer 57

classifying things into group or types according to their characteristic e.g thier organisational structure membership , rs to wider society reli beleifs

Answer 58

no reli group will conform exactly to the categories outlined a religious group may combine categories at each type and chnage and develop overtime

Answer 59

s&b the list is used for categorisation is to extensive leads to confusion - can be overlap between reli group and categorise the..

Answer 60

churches are obsolete - old in most chritian countires there are secularisationa nd religion pluralism - eval with troletch

Answer 61

s and c have stigma attached to it hadden 2003 c and s are seen as wierd and freaky

Answer 62

chruche and s claim mot deno and cults accept theat there can be many valid interpretation

Answer 63

chur and deno are seens as respectable and legitamare whereas sects and cults are seen as deviant

Answer 64

ul - church and sect pl - deno and cults

Answer 65

churches are large organisation run by a bureacratic hieracht of professional and claim mot univerlatic aimming to inc whole of society tend to be more attarctive to mc cause theyre ideologically conservative - linked to state e.g c of e he sees sects as small excl group sects are hostile to wider society and expect high level of commitment they draw members from poor and opressed led by charasmatic leader rather than hierachy - believe they have mot

Answer 66

membership is less exclusive then sects it doesnt apear to the whole of society like a church expects society value - not linked with staate imposes minor restriction on alchohol dont claim mit individualistic world affriming - cliam to improve life in this world no need for high commitments

Answer 67

argues troletch idea over church having a reli monopoly only applies catholic before 16 th century , protesttant reformation since sects and cults have flourished and religious diversity becomes the norm

Answer 68

according to wallis sects embody this as theyre critical of the outside secular world. eg of such organisations which are hostile to wider society include peoples temple, heavens gate and branch davidians

Answer 69

religious movements which have evolved since the 1950s which claim to offer spiritual and philosphical guidance that sig differs from mainstream reli

Answer 70

a type of nrm where members lead convectional lives and conform to mainstream social rules. eg inc denominations such as pentecostalism and baptism. they have very conservative beliefs and arent looking for social change

Answer 71

these types of NRM accept the world as its and teach techniques for participating with others effectively and releasing their spiritual and creative potential

Answer 72

stark and brainbridge - deprived mentally/ spiritually

Answer 73

large and bureustierachy , mot, universalistic

Answer 74

marginality and social deprivation modernisation and secularisation social change pm status frustration relative deprivation globalisation practical and pragmatic

Answer 75

groups outside the mainstream of society. status frustration weber- theodicy of disprivelidge - reli teaching and provides and sense of honour, justification for being poor and low status

Answer 76

bruce : the weakness of more convectional insitiuitionalised reli leads people to consider alternatives

Answer 77

wilson : when traditional norms are disrupted and the universe of meaning is disrupted people turn to sects anomie wilson : argues period or sudden rapid social change can cause a sense of uncertainties, so sects and cults provide solutuion through clearly defined belief system and close knit supportive social group theyre response to the uncertainties of rsc

Answer 78

subjective percieved deprivation filling the void in a postmodern society were there is a loss of faith in the metanarrative

Answer 79

people are frustrated at their lack of status in society marginally can cause status frus mainly associated with young people wallis says this is why NRM appeal to young people, memebership= provide some support for an identity and status independent of school, or fam and overcome the sense of frustration

Answer 80

stark and brainbridge it refers to the subjective feeling of being deprived or lacking something compared to thoese in a social group. the ideas and support derived from sect membership or cults. following may help to overcome this

Answer 81

globalisation - mass media- inc internet has means people now have access to a huge range of ideas from around the globe. baudrillard called media saturated society- people able to pick and choose and mix and match beliefs from across the world. the nrm able to communicate with large n0 of people than ever before throughthe media esp the internet raised visibility and profile of these groups

Answer 82

globalisation - mass media- inc internet has means people now have access to a huge range of ideas from around the globe. baudrillard called media saturated society- people able to pick and choose and mix and match beliefs from across the world. the nrm able to communicate with large n0 of people than ever before throughthe media esp the internet raised visibility and profile of these groups

Answer 83

s+c+NRMs seen as the key to sucess or offer escape heelas - rich mc educated and succesful want to find their inner self barker- sect is an alternative to the family

Answer 84

denomination midway between a churvh and a sect. membership less exclusive than sect but dont appear to wider society .

Answer 85

audience c - less organised ,little commitment and interaction amongst members , use media to participate e.g astrology ufo cults client cults- provide personal sevice for a client e.g medical miracles or therapy for personal fullfilement

Answer 86

organised and demand high degree of commitment. some become cultic movement e.g moonies, scientology, - developed from client cults

Answer 87

Beck does - questions idea of social marginalisation eg jehovas witnesss - neither socially or economically deprived S&b not all c s & nrms develop on times of social unrest or social change eg less developed in 1970s than 1950s when there was less social unrest But s & B have a very limited definition of sects

Answer 88

Research on nrms is very western centric Focused on nrms which developed in west on 1960 Nrms and s c have a long global history cannot explain them but simply focusing on them as a response to that happened in the 20th century western society

Answer 89

Sects are world rejecting organisations that came into existence because of schism - splitting est churches because of a disagreement over reli dome Sects are short lived they die out - within generation or they compromise with the world abandon their extreme ideas Because The 2nd generation born into the sect they have lack of commitment Death of the leader - collapse on the leaders deaths - transformation to denomination