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Sociology > Beliefs - Ideology & Science - 5.8 > Flashcards

Beliefs - Ideology & Science - 5.8 Flashcards

1
Q

Impact of Science on Religion

A

> Huge impact, undermined religion and led to widespread faith in science

> Key feature is cognitive power, allows us to explain, predict & control world

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2
Q

Criticisms of Impact of Science on Religion

A

Science causes issues, as well as solving them e.g. manufactured risks e.g. pollution, global warming etc.

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3
Q

Science as a Belief System (Key Studies)

A

> Popper (Science as Open Belief System)

> Merton (Significance of CUDOS Norms)

> Horton (Reg as Closed Belief System)

> Evans-Pritchard (Azande as Closed Belief System)

> Polanyi (Self Sustaining Beliefs))

> Interpretivism (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge)

> Cetina (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge)

> Woolgar (Little Green Men)

> Marxist & Feminist (Views on Science)

> Lyotard (Postmodernism views on Science)

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4
Q

Popper (Science as Open Belief System)

A

> Open to challenge, based on falsification, not absolutism

> If theories proven wrong discarded & better one is found so knowledge increased

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5
Q

Merton (Significance of CUDOS Norms)

A

> Science is an organised social activity with a set of norms promoting cumulation of knowledge, encouraging openness.

> E.g. during Protestant Reformation Puritans saw studying nature allows appreciation God’s work

> Encourages experimentation

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6
Q

Merton’s CUDOS Norms

A

> Communism
Universalism
Disinterestedness
Organised Scepticism

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7
Q

Communism - CUDOS Norms

A

Scientific knowledge shared, not private, allows for growth of knowledge

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8
Q

Universalism - CUDOS Norms

A

All scientists are equal - work should be challenged not scientists themselves e.g. use of universal objective criteria

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9
Q

Disinterestedness - CUDOS Norms

A

Science is committed to truth, have to publish findings, makes fraud harder others check claims

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10
Q

Organised Scepticism - CUDOS Norms

A

No claim is sacred, all open to challenge, critique & objective investigation

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11
Q

Polanyi - Criticisms of Science as Open Belief System

A

All belief systems reject fundamental challenges to knowledge claims, science isn’t different

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12
Q

Horton - Religion as Closed Belief System

A

> Claims absolute truth about world with get out clauses stops disproval

> Conservative beliefs & fixed, means knowledge claims can’t be disproven

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13
Q

Pritchard & Azande as Closed Belief System

A

> Don’t believe in coincidences, see witchcraft as misfortune & proof from potion given to chickens

> Irrational to an outsider but indoctrinated in tribe

> No one questions it, & not disprovable even with evidence.

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14
Q

Social Implications of Azande

A

> Encourages neighbours treat each other nicely avoid risk of accusation.

> Belief inherited to children to keep parents in line as accusations damage the children’s reputation

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15
Q

Polanyi – Self Sustaining Beliefs (3 Main Features of Closed Belief Systems for protection from challenge)

A

> Denial of Legitimacy
Subsidiary Explanations
Circularity

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16
Q

Denial of Legitimacy - 3 Main Features of Closed Belief Systemv for protection from challenge

A

Full rejection of rival claims to convince followers only they hold truth.

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17
Q

Subsidiary Explanations - 3 Main Features of Closed Belief System for protection from challenge

A

Get out clauses deflect argument or counter criticisms

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18
Q

Circularity - 3 Main Features of CBS for protection from challenge

A

Each idea in system explained with another idea in system etc.

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19
Q

Science as Closed Belief System (Kuhn)

A

> Based on pardiagms (shared beliefs) methods, equipment etc

> Socialises new scientists into the paradigm with scientific education

> Scientists stay within it, people challenging it are ridiculed

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20
Q

Interpretivism (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge)

A

> Scientific Knowledge is socially constructed not objective, a product of the resources available to the group creating it.

> Facts are the result of shared theories showing what they expect to see

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21
Q

Cetina (Sociology of Scientific Knowledge)

A

> New instruments e.g. telescopes allows for new observations & fabrication of facts

> Studies in lab highly constructed & detached from natural word- apparently being studied

22
Q

Woolgar (Little Green Men)

A

> Scientists engaged in the process of understanding world, like us,

> Scientific facts are socially constructed scientists try to persuade colleagues to share them

> e.g. discovery of Little Green Men would’ve been unacceptable to scientific community so decide it’s an unknown type of star.

23
Q

Marxist & Feminist views on Science

A

> Lies - serving interests of powerful - scientific advances are driven by capitalism.

> e.g. development of theory of ballistics due to need for manufacturing & selling new weaponry.

> Biological ideas used to justify male domination

24
Q

Lyotard (Postmodern views on Science)

A

> Another meta-narrative falsely claiming truth on worlds functioning for progression to better society

> Scientific thinking used to dominate people

> Technology/ science serves capitalist interests creating commodities for profit.

25
Q

Ideology

A

> Negative connotations e.g. false ideas/biased view of reality

> Conceals interests of powerful, legitimates inequalities, stops change

> Irrational & closed to criticism

26
Q

Ideology (Key Studies)

A

> Marxism (Ideology)

> Mannheim (Ideology & Ideological & Utopian Belief Systems)

> Feminism (Ideology)
Marks (Feminism & Ideology)

27
Q

Marxism & Ideology

A

> Tool of ruling class to keep power/reproduce inequality

> Working class must achieve class consciousness & reality of exploitation

> But ruling class control production & ideas justify status quo, legitimates capitalism so stops working class developing class consciousness

28
Q

General Criticisms of Marxism & Ideology

A

Not ideology stopping overthrow of capitalism, but economic factors e.g. fear of unemployment

29
Q

AO3 (KS) Criticisms of Marxism & Ideology

A

Gramsci (Hegemony)

30
Q

Gramsci (Hegemony)

A

> Working class can create ideas to challenge hegemony, they’ve got dual consciousness aware of exploitation & ideology

> So can develop class consciousness overthrowing capitalism.

31
Q

Mannheim - General View on Ideology

A

> All world views product of intellectuals unable to relate to everyday

> Ideas reflect personal interests

32
Q

Mannheim’s 2 Belief Systems

A

> Ideological

> Utopian

33
Q

Ideological - Mannheim’s 2 Belief Systems

A

> Justifies position of ruling class & tradition, stopping change

> As those controlling ideology benefit from status quo

34
Q

Utopian - Mannheim’s 2 Belief Systems

A

> Wants social change, reflects position of working class

> Offers vision of alternative organisation of society

35
Q

Mannheim’s - Implications of Ideological & Utopian Belief Systems

A

> Need for detachment from them creating objective world view

> Universal & represents whole society, made by free-floating intelligentsia

36
Q

Feminism & Ideology

A

> Ideology promotes patriarchy for generations & legitimates gender inequality

> Religious beliefs see women as inferior e.g. periods mean they are excluded from rituals

37
Q

Marks - Feminism & Ideology

A

> 1800’s doctors had view educating women would lead to unfeminine women, preventing women from pursuing their true role

> So science used to justify excluding women from education

38
Q

Criticisms of Feminism & Ideology

A

> Not all religions subordinate women e.g. goddesses before monotheistic patriarchal religion

> Matriarchal religion with female deities were common

39
Q

Ideology of Nationalism

A

> Nations, real communities with unique characteristics

> But only imagined community
can bind people together & create social solidarity

40
Q

Nationalism (KS)

A

> Functionalism
Marxism
Gellner

41
Q

Functionalism - Ideology of Nationalism

A

> e.g. Bellah - Civil Religion

> In modernity people unwilling to be part of religion, but will be part of a nation.

> Increased different faiths in modernity so religion means we are divided which leads to nationalism - which then leads to greater social solidarity

42
Q

Functionalism - Education & Nationalism

A

Education creates social solidarity with collective rituals and symbols e.g. flag, learning nations history

43
Q

Marxism - Ideology of Nationalism

A

> Nationalism is false consciousness, spreads belief among the working class so they have more in common with capitalists in their own country rather than those internationally

> Enables ruling class to persuade working class to fight wars on their behalf

44
Q

Gellner (Nationalism)

A

> Industrialisation means increased scale, impersonal societies with complex division of labour

> Education imposes national culture on all and
makes communication & economic cooperation with people possible

> Upper class use it to motivate people to deal with industrial changes, allows modernisation of state

45
Q

Definitions of Religion

A

> Substantive
Functional
Constructionist (Interpretivist)

46
Q

Substantive definition of religion

A

> Looks at key features, shared by major religions, exclusive in nature

> As belief systems can only be religions with particular features e.g. belief in a god.

47
Q

Criticisms of Substantive Definitions of Religion

A

> Ethnocentric only looks at western religions

> Excludes belief systems with similar functions to religion, but without a supernatural god e.g. Buddhism

48
Q

Functional definition of Religion

A

Looks at religions functions for society e.g. brings comfort or reinforces inequalities.

49
Q

Criticisms of Functional Definition of Religion

A

> Too inclusive any belief system seen as religion if does have the functions.

> e.g. supporting footy team has these functions but don’t make it a religion

50
Q

Constructionist (Interpretivist)

A

> Focus on definition of religion as constructed & disputed, so definition of religion based on who’s got power

> e.g. members of scientology see it as a religion, but with many disagreeing

51
Q

Criticisms of Constructionist Definition of Religion

A

Can’t generalise on nature of religion as people have different views

Sociology (27 decks)

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