Benign and malignant disease

Question 1

what is the size of a cell population determined by?

Answer 1

rates of cell proliferation, differentiation, and death by apoptosis

Question 2

what is cell division balances by?

Answer 2

cell loss

Question 3

how may cell numbers be altered?

Answer 3

• rates of stem cell input
• cell death due to apoptosis
• rate of proliferation/ differentiation

Question 4

what is regeneration of cell population controlled by?

Answer 4

chemical factors in the micro-environment of the cell - stimulators and inhibitors

Question 5

how may growth occur?

Answer 5

shortening cell cycle time
recruiting cells from resting or quiescent population

Question 6

what type of cells cant replicate and give an example?

Answer 6

terminally differentiated cells - monocytes

Question 7

what does quiescent mean?

Answer 7

dormant

Question 8

what type of cells are normally quiescent but can proliferate when needed to?

Answer 8

differentiated cells in liver/ kidney

Question 9

what type of cells are short-lives and incapable of replicating but may be replaced by new cells arising from stem cells?

Answer 9

terminally differentiated mature cells in the epithelia of the oral cavity, gut and skin

Question 10

what is apoptosis?

Answer 10

pre-programmed cell death

Question 11

give examples of inhibitors?

Answer 11

growth factors
cell matrix components
viral proteins

Question 12

give examples of inducers?

Answer 12

withdrawal of GFs
loss of matrix attachment
viruses
free radicals
ionising radiation
DNA damage
Fas ligand/ CD95 interaction

Question 13

what are molecular mediators and regulators of the extrinsic pathway for apoptosis?

Answer 13

death receptors - CD95/ Fas ligand

Question 14

what are molecular mediators and regulators of the intrinsic pathway for apoptosis?

Answer 14

increased mitochondrial permeability
Bcl-2 family
Cytpchrome c/Apaf-1

Question 15

what are examples of diseases that increase apoptosis?

Answer 15

AIDS
Neurodegenerative disorders
Reperfusion injury

Question 16

what are examples of diseases that decrease apoptosis?

Answer 16

neoplasia
autoimmune disease

Question 17

what are the disorders of growth and neoplasia?

Answer 17

hypertrophy
hyperplasia
atrophy
hypoplasia
metaplasia
dysplasia

Question 18

what is hypertrophy and what cells does it affect?

Answer 18

increase cell size

• muscle, skeletal or cardiac

Question 19

what is hyperplasia and what cells does it effect?

Answer 19

increase cell number

• hormonally sensitive organs (endometrium, thyroid, breast

Question 20

what is atrophy and what cells does it affect?

Answer 20

reduction cell size (loss of cell substance)

• thyroglossal duct

Question 21

what is hypoplasia?

Answer 21

reduction size of an organ that never fully developed to normal size

• developmental defect

Question 22

what is metaplasia and what does it affect?

Answer 22

one cell replaced by another cell - reversible

adaptive response to stress

mesenchymal tissues

Question 23

what disorder of growth is irreversible?

Answer 23

hypoplasia

Question 24

what is dysplasia?

Answer 24

abormal growth

Question 25

how does neoplasia occur?

Answer 25

aberration of normal mechanisms that control cell number

Question 26

are most tumour cells monoclonal?

Answer 26

yes

Question 27

what does monoclonal mean?

Answer 27

all cells arise from one parent cell that has undergone a genetic change

Question 28

what is the growth pattern for benign tumours?

Answer 28

expand remain localised, typically well circumscribes and often encapsulated.

Question 29

what is the growth rate for benign tumours?

Answer 29

slow

Question 30

what are the clinical effects of benign tumours?

Answer 30

local pressure effects; hormone secretions

Question 31

what is the treatment for benign tumours?

Answer 31

local excision

Question 32

what is the histology of a benign tumour?

Answer 32

resembles tissue of origin

Question 33

what are the nuclei of benign tumours like?

Answer 33

small, regular and uniform

Question 34

what are mitoses of benign tumours?

Answer 34

few and normal

Question 35

what is a pleomorphic adenoma?

Answer 35

common benign salivary gland tumour

Question 36

what is the growth pattern of malignant tumours?

Answer 36

infiltrate locally then metastasize

Question 37

what is the growth rate for malignant tumours?

Answer 37

fast

Question 38

what are the clinical effects of malignant tumours?

Answer 38

local pressure and destruction

Question 39

what is the treatment for malignant tumours?

Answer 39

excision and additional therapy sometimes

Question 40

what is the histology of malignant tumours?

Answer 40

variable and many differ from tissue of origin

Question 41

what are the nuclei of malignant tumours like?

Answer 41

larger and pleomorphic

Question 42

describe mitoses of malignant tumours?

Answer 42

increased, often numerous and abnormal forms

Question 43

what does a pleomorphic adenoma become when it progresses to malignancy?

Answer 43

carcinoma ex pleomorphic adenoma

Question 44

classify covering epithelia when benign and malignant

Answer 44

b - papilloma m - carcinoma

Question 45

classify glandular epithelia when benign and malignant

Answer 45

b - adenoma m - adenocarcinoma

Question 46

what is a prognosis?

Answer 46

prediction of the probable course and outcome of disease

Question 47

what are the 4 factors of a prognosis?

Answer 47

tumour type tumour grade tumour stage other parameters

Question 48

what are tumour types?

Answer 48

aggressive and indolent

Question 49

how are tumours graded?

Answer 49

well-differentiated and poorly differentiated

Question 50

what are features of well differentiated tumour cells?

Answer 50

squamous with 'prickles' and keratinisation

Question 51

what is used to stage tumours?

Answer 51

TNM classification of malignant tumours

Question 52

what does TNM stand for when staging tumours?

Answer 52

T - extent of primary tumour N - absence/ presence and extent of regional lymph node metastasis M - absence/ presence of distance metastasis

Question 53

how are tumours staged?

Answer 53

each component of TNM given a number - higher the number the more extensive the disease e.g., T1N0M0 usually no M in pathological staging