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BES Flashcards

(45 cards)

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1
Q

What is the Western Interconnection regional entity?

A

WECC

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2
Q

What are the 5 WECC power areas?

A 
California
Great Basin
Rocky Mountains
SouthWest
NorthWest
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3
Q

What is Ohm’s Law?

A 
V = IR
voltage =  current x resistance
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4
Q

What is Power Factor?

A

The ratio of True Power to Apparent Power
TruePower/AppPower = PF

OR

The ratio of Real Power to Apparent Power
RealPower/AppPower = PF

Thank you JanPorterWaffle

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5
Q

What range can Power Factor fall in?

A

0 to 1

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6
Q

How does a Switchyard differ from a Substation?

A

Switchyards don’t have XFMRs

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7
Q

What has a higher resistance? Aluminum or Copper?

A

Aluminum

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8
Q

What are some sources of Reactive Power?

need only 4

A 
Over-Exciter Generators
Synchronous Condenser
Transmission Lines
Fixed Shunt Capacitor
Switched Shunt Capacitor
Fixed Shunt Reactor
Switched Shunt Reactor
Load Tap Changing XFMRs
Line Capacitor
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9
Q

The power consumed with a XFMR is called “Power Loss”. What are the causes of “power loss”.

A

Hysteresis Losses
Eddy Current Losses
I2R losses

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10
Q

How is XFMR efficiency calculated?

A

Efficiency = OutputPower / InputPower X 100

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11
Q

XFMRs operate on what principle?

A

Electromagnetic Induction

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12
Q

What qualifies a XFMR as a “Power XMFR” ?

A

A voltage of 69kV or above

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13
Q

What are instrument XMFRs used for?

A

meters and relays

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14
Q

Explain an Auto XFMR?

A

A single winding goes into two windings

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15
Q

Do XFMRs with windings in STAR-STAR or DELTA-DELTA results in a phase shift?

A

No

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16
Q

XFMRs with windings in STAR-DELTA or DELTA-STAR result in phase shift. Of how many degrees?

A

30 degrees

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17
Q

What equipment is classified as part of the BES?

A
  • a single generator with an output of 20MVA or greater
  • a plant/group of generators with an aggregate output of 75MVA or above
  • Transmission lines with a voltage of 100kV or above
  • a XFMR with a voltage of 100kV or above on both the primary and secondary side
  • all associated auxiliaries and other shit I cant remember that are associated with the above 4
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18
Q

What is Corona

A

Ionization

that occurs when a conductor’s surface potential overcomes the dielectric strength of surrounding air

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19
Q

What is Charging Current

Study These Flashcards
A

current that flows, due to alternating charge/discharge of line, regardless of whether the circuit is closed or open

20
Q

What is a fault?

Study These Flashcards
A

physical conditions that cause a failure to perform in the required manner

21
Q

What are some causes of faults?

And what is the cause Randy brought up was NOT a cause of a fault?

Study These Flashcards
A

causes:
lightning, trees, line breaks, insulation wear, weather, vandalism, wind/ice, contamination, equipment failure, system disturbances

not cause:
a bird perched on a transmission line

22
Q

Faults within the protection zone are called:

Study These Flashcards
A

internal faults

23
Q

Faults outside of the protection zone are called:

Study These Flashcards
A

external faults

24
Q

If a system is over-generating it cause frequency to drop below the standard frequency (60Hz in this case),

Study These Flashcards
A

False
over-generation increases frequency
under-generation decreases frequency

25
During light-load periods the receiving end will have a ______ voltage than the source. Higher or Lower? Why?
Higher | because of capacitance in the line
26
What cancels some of the inductive reactance of the line?
Series capacitors
27
What value do "differential relays" use for operation?
Current | "current in must equal current out"
28
Does loop flow power travel in series or in parallel?
Parallel
29
What is RAS?
Remedial Action Scheme Functions performed to prevent overloading lines and losing critical facilities. These function include: -tripping selected generators -inserting capacitors or dynamic breaking resistors -shedding load -tripping selected transmission lines
30
What is AGC?
Automatic Generator Control Automatically adjusts generation from a central location. Uses computer control to maintain load/generation balance. Uses error signal called "Area Control Error" to function
31
What are the Area Control Error (ACE) Modes Of Operation?
- Tie Line Bias - Flat (constant) Frequency Control - Flat (constant) Tie Line Control
32
Describe the function of a fault recorder
Log critical current and voltage at the time of any fault
33
Define: | Minimum Load
smallest amount of load that a generator can sustain for extended period of time
34
Define: | Response Rate
rate of load change that a generation unit can achieve for normal operation
35
Define: | Unit Capability
Max possible megawatt output the generator can safely produce
36
Define: | Efficiency
measure or how much output received for a given amount of input
37
Heat Rate
the rate at which something heats up???? I dont fucken know. UPDATE (from google) Heat rate is one measure of the efficiency of electrical generators/power plants that convert a fuel into heat and into electricity. The heat rate is the amount of energy used by an electrical generator/power plant to generate one kilowatthour (kWh) of electricity
38
What equipment is protected by Differential Relays?
Transformers Transmission lines Generators
39
Describe the operating characteristics of: | Transfer Trip
(from google) A protection system that sends a trip. command to remote circuit breakers. • Should Use a Protected & Dedicated communication link. PILOT CHANNEL Direct Transfer Trips (DTT) are initiated from station relays when a severe event occurs in the substation. ... If the breaker is at a remote location and can't be physically wired, a DTT signal is sent to it via the protective relays using the PILOT CHANNEL.
40
Describe the operating characteristics of: | Distance Trip
(from google) Trip in which the relay functions depending upon the distance of fault in the line. More specifically, the relay operates depending upon the IMPEDANCE between the point of fault and the point where relay is installed.
41
Describe the operating characteristics of: | Phase Comparison Trip
(from google) compares the phase angles of the currents entering one terminal of a transmission line with the phase angles of the currents entering all the remote terminals of the same line. (from book) uses overcurrent fault detecting relays to compare the relative phase angles (Face Angels)
42
Describe the operating characteristics of: | Directional Comparison Trip
(from google) interprets the direction to the fault during a power system fault as an internal or external fault. ... The relay system is to trip for an internal fault and block tripping for an external fault. (from book) - uses directional comparison scheme - pilot channel used as a "blocking" system, rather than a tripping system
43
Capacitors and Over-excited Generators _____ Vars
produce
44
Reactors and other inductive devices _____ Vars
absorb
45
What kinds of faults can occur on an electrical system
- phase to ground (most common) - phase to phase - phase to phase to phase (rare) - phase to phase to ground

POC (2 decks)

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