better exam 1

Question 1

Woese 3 domain scheme is based on

Answer 1

sequence similarities of small subunit rRNAs

Question 2

evolutionary relatedness

Answer 2

phylogeny

Question 3

whittaker system

Answer 3

plantae, animalia, fungi, Protista, prokaryote based on morphological differences

Question 4

prokaryote shapes

Answer 4

Most common - coccus and rod
other - vibrio, spirllum, spirochete

Question 5

spherical bacteria types

Answer 5

staypylococcus -irregular bunches
streptococcus - chains
diplococcus - pairs
sarcina - packets of eight or more
tetracoccus - four cells & more in a sheet

Question 6

cylindrical bacteria

Answer 6

singular bacillus
pairs
chains
palisade
can have spores

Question 7

coccobacillus

Answer 7

elongated coccus or short oval-shaped rod

Question 8

spiral bacteria

Answer 8

spirochetes - flexible, axial filaments (periplasmic flagella)
spirilla - rigid, polar flagella
vibrios - bent rods, comma shaped

Question 9

16S rRNA is a component of

Answer 9

the ribosome

Question 10

G+ bacterial cells

Answer 10

thick PG layer, larger than eukaryotes, rare proteins/ribosomes, sensitive to lysozymes/penicillin, more penetrable

Question 11

G- bacterial cells

Answer 11

thin PG layer, outer membrane (out - LPS, I-phospholipids), less penetrable

Question 12

protoplast and spheroplasts

Answer 12

proto - formed after g+ loses PG, all cell wall material removed
sphero - formed after g- loses PG, some cell wall left

Question 13

L-form bacteria

Answer 13

no cell walls (mycoplasma - not affected by penicillin/lysozymes)

Question 14

archeaeoblasts have cell walls made of

Answer 14

other material then PG

Question 15

glycan chains of pG are cross-linked by

Answer 15

peptides

Question 16

porins

Answer 16

proteins that form non-specific channels across OM, allow passage of small molecules

Question 17

endotoxin (lipid A)

Answer 17

part of LPS in OM, causes toxivity in BS, heat stable, cause fever, septic shock, inflammation

Question 18

transmission e- microscope

Answer 18

electrons pass through thin metal treated specimen and 2D image formed
Mag - 1,000,000 X. Res - 0.2nm

Question 19

scanning e- microscope

Answer 19

electrons bound off metal-treated specimen’s surface, are collected, and create 3D image
mag - 100,000-300,000 X, resolution of 2 nm

Question 20

light microscope

Answer 20

uses visible light of 400-800 nm wavelength
upper limit is 1500-2000 X magnification; res of 200 nm
simple - 1 lens
compound - 2 lenses

Question 21

when a bacterial cell divides on more than two planes repeatedly, it will rise to what arrangement

Answer 21

sarcina, staphylococci, and tetrad

Question 22

short vs long wavelength em spectrum

Answer 22

short - x-rays, gamma, electron
long - radio, microwave, infrared

Question 23

contrast

Answer 23

exaggerate btw light and dark parts of image

Question 24

stains - basic and acidic

Answer 24

basic - cationic, will color -charge cells via + charged chromophore
acidic - anionic chromophore, stain background

Question 25

resolution

Answer 25

ability of lenses to distinguish btw two pts at specified distance apart

Question 26

magnification

Answer 26

enlarging an image

Question 27

wet mounts detect motility to be distinguished from

Answer 27

mass flow of H2O in cells & Brownian motion (passive)

Question 28

atomic force microscope

Answer 28

high resolving power, sharp scanning probe, not prep

Question 29

streptococcus pyogenes (domain, shape, gram, blood agar, can cause, treat)

Answer 29

bacteria coccus; non-motile; pairs/chains gram + beta-hemolytic scarlet/rheumatic/puerperal fever, necrotizing fascitis, impetigo, toxic shock, strep throat treat with antibiotics (penicillin)

Question 30

subatomic particle size

Answer 30

10^-15 m

Question 31

atom size

Answer 31

0.1-0.5 nm

Question 32

molecule size

Answer 32

0.1-0.275nm

Question 33

macro size

Answer 33

100-10000 ang

Question 34

viruses size

Answer 34

20-400nm

Question 35

pro size

Answer 35

0.1-5 um

Question 36

protist size

Answer 36

protozoa - 10-1000 um algae - 10-500 um

Question 37

fungi size

Answer 37

yeast - 5-30 um mold cell - 5-100 um

Question 38

eukary size

Answer 38

5-100 um

Question 39

vibrio cholerae (domain, shape, gram, can cause, treat)

Answer 39

bacteria vibrio g- EC toxin = diarrhea, cholera, vomiting, cramps, dehydration, shock electrolyte imbalance in SI treat with oral rehydration or antibiotic therapy to shorten duration

Question 40

van Leeywenhoek

Answer 40

made own glass lenses & simple microscopes (300X) observed bacteria, protozoans, and yeast

Question 41

Jenner

Answer 41

Vaccine for smallpox through inoculation

Question 42

Semmelweis

Answer 42

wash hands to prevent childbed fever with calcium hypochlorite

Question 43

Snow

Answer 43

study dosages for surg anesthetics and public water pump causing cholera. Father epidemiology

Question 44

Koch

Answer 44

certain bacteria cause certain diseases - anthrax, cholera, tb Koch's postulates stained bacteria to be observed with bright-field microscopy

Question 45

Pasteur

Answer 45

microbial control technique for preserving food/liquid vaccine for rabies swan-neck flasks

Question 46

Lister

Answer 46

first work on antiseptic surgery - use phenol to sterilize everything

Question 47

koch's postulates

Answer 47

The microorganism must be present in people who have the disease, but not in people who are healthy. The microorganism must be isolated from a person who has the disease. The microorganism must cause the disease when introduced to a healthy person The microorganism must be re-isolated from the person who became sick after being introduced to it, and it must be the same microorganism that was originally isolated.