beverages and flavoring Flashcards
(114 cards)
1
Q
what are carbonated soft drinks composed of?
A
- 90-98% sparkling water
- up to 10% sugar (mostly corn syrup)
- other: colors, acids, preservatives
2
Q
give examples of acids used in CSD?
A
- citric
- malic
- phosphoric
3
Q
what type of acid is generally found in cola drinks?
A
phosphoric acid
4
Q
give examples of preservatives used in CSD?
A
- benzoic acid
- sorbic acid
5
Q
what is the function of benzoic acid in CSD?
A
inhibits growth of mold and yeast
6
Q
when is scorbic acid better used than benzoic acid
A
functions better at lower pH than benzoic
7
Q
what type of colors are added to CSD?
A
- Natural
- artificial
- caramel
8
Q
whats is the brown color in soft drink obtained from?
A
the caramel coloring made from sugar.
9
Q
when were diet soft drinks first introduces?
A
1950’s
10
Q
is the soda consumption by volume increasing at a greater rate than world population?
A
yes.
11
Q
is the rate of consumption of soft drinks in canada decreasing?
A
it is hard to confirm, as only can and bottled drinks are calculated where as fountain drinks are not
12
Q
what is being substituted for soft drinks among the population?
A
energy drinks are increasing in consumption rate.
13
Q
what differs between regular and diet soda?
A
- makes use of alternative sweeteners and decreases sugar content to 0
- increase of water content from 90–>98%
- mouthfeel differs (feels more flat) causing for bulking agents to be added.
14
Q
what are some alternative sweeteners used in diet soda?
A
- aspartame
- saccharin
- acesulfame-k
- sucralose
15
Q
which head company does gatorade belong to?
A
pepsi
16
Q
which head company does minute maid belong to?
A
coca-cola
17
Q
which head company does sprite belong to?
A
coca-cola
18
Q
which head company does tropicana belong to?
A
pepsi
19
Q
which head company does aquafina belong to?
A
pepsi
20
Q
which head company does nestea belong to?
A
coca-cola
21
Q
what is spring/mineral water?
A
- it comes from a ground source (which must be specified)
- naturally contains minerals
- if composition is unaltered must be labeled as “natural”
- can be found carbonated or non carbonated,
22
Q
what are the most common minerals dissolved in bottle water?
A
calcium
sodium
23
Q
what is deionized water?
A
- all mineral salts are removed
- no flavour
24
Q
what is distilled water?
A
- water is heated & then condensed
- minerals are removed and pathogens are destroyed
- must be declared on label
25
what do ice cubes made with distilled water look like?
they are clear
26
what soda water/club soda
- plain water that is artifically carbonated
| - potassium may be added to add flavour
27
what is seltzer water?
it is carbonated water with o added salts
28
give examples of sparkling water
san pellegrino
| perrier
29
why do some water bottles not have nutrition fact tables
-distilled water and deionized lack minerals
| insignificant amounts of minerals
30
how much L of water does it take to make a 1L bottled water?
5-6l
31
what is the purpose of sports, isotonics or recovery beverages?
prevents dehydration
replaces electrolytes
provides extra energy in form of CHO
32
what are herbal beverages?
| give examples?
drink with added herbal/supplements
EX: ginseng
carnitine
33
what are nutraceutical beverages?
drink that deliver health benefits
| ingrediant list is endless
34
what is the oldest known nutraceutical beverage?
cranberry juice
35
what are energy drink high in?
- calories due to the sugar
| - added stimulants (caffeine)
36
what is canada’s per capita sugar intake since 2004?
it has decreased by 20%
37
in 2017, how much calories were consumed daily from liquid sugar?
100-140 kCals
38
what are characteristics of dairy beverages?
-high in protein, calcium and vitamin B
39
can the % of fat vary in dairy beverages?
-whole fat
-reduced fat (2%)
low-fat (1%)
fat free (non-fat)
40
What volume of liquor contains 1 oz of alcohol?
1.5 oz
41
What volume of wine contains 1 oz of alcohol?
5 oz
42
What volume of wine cooler contains 1 oz of alcohol?
12 oz
43
What volume of beer contains 1 oz of alcohol?
12 oz
44
how is alcohol in alcoholic beverages formed?
through the fermentation of sugars
45
what are the most common plant sources to produce alcoholic beverages?
- barley
- wheat
- corn
- grapes
46
what is the main grain used to make beer?
-barley
47
what are the 5 steps in beer making?
- malting
- brewing
- fermenting
- laggering
- filtering or pasterizing
48
what is the process of malting?
hydrating, soaking and breaking down the sugars which are then dried to become wort.
49
what is wort?
liquid fraction obtained from mashing.
| very concentrated in sugars which get fermented by yeast
50
what is hops?
dried fruit of the humulus lupulus plant which is added to the wort and mixture is boiled.
51
what is the use of hops?
it concentrates, caramelizes and sanitizes the mixture while brewing
52
what does laggering result in?
give variability between beers
53
what are the 3 steps in wine making?
- fermentation
- racking
- aging
54
what happens to the sugars in grapes?
they are fermented by yeasr
55
what pH discourages microorganism growth in wine?
pH=3
56
what is produced by yeast in fermentation process of wine?
higher alcohols
acids
esters
these all contribute to flavor
57
what are spirits?
they are distilled beverage that embodies the “spirit of the fermented mixture
58
what are spirits made out of?
grain or fruit mixtures
59
what is a hard spirit?
has more alcohol than beer or wine
60
what is the proof that is written on spirits
its the amount of alcohol in spirits
61
how many drink a day should be consummed at most?
2 for women
| 3 for men
62
how many drink a week should be consummed at most?
10 for women
| 15 for men
63
what is coffee
it is an aromatic beverage made with water that is composed of over 1000 compounds that are extracted from coffee beens in brewing
64
what ar ethe 2 main plant varieties of coffee?
- coffea arabica
| - coffea robusta
65
what is the process to make coffee from plant to cup?
- pick up coffee beans
- partially dry the beans
- remove hull
- roast beans
- immediately ground
66
what varieties of coffee may be bought?
raw or roasted
| whole or ground
67
what happens when coffee beans are roasted?
```
the green beans gain a darker color
formation of volatile constituents (acids and oil)
porosity is increased
caramelization
fats are hydrolyzed
```
68
what is the grind type dependent on?
based on preparation method
69
how much caffeine may be left in decaf coffee?
minimum 3%
70
how is instant coffee made?
liquid coffee extracts are spray dried or frozen dried
71
what is the flavor in coffee obtained from?
organic compounds and tannins
72
what is the caffeine content in coffee generally?
0.8-4% (100-180mg/cup)
73
what is the main soluble acid found in coffee.
| what type of taste does it yield?
chlorogenic acid
| bitter/sour taste
74
how many volatile compounds are found in coffee?
>600
75
what are the volatile compounds of coffee composed of?
phenolic substances
&
sulfur containing compounds
76
which are the top 3 coffee consummers?
1. netherlands
2. finland
3. canada
77
is coffee classified as carcinogen?
no, since 2016 it is listed as not classificable
78
is their a link between hot beverages and esophageal cancer?
a possible link may relate both
79
what may decreased the risk of CVD, T2Db, parkinson’s, alzheimer’s, colon cancer and gallsontes
3-5 cups of coffee daily (max 400 mg of caffeine)
80
what is tea made from?
camellia sinensis
81
how is tea processed?
withering, rolling, oxidized, firing
82
what are the 3 major types of tea?
- fully fermented: black tea
- unfermented: green tea
- partially fermented: oolong
83
how many compound are found in black tea?
| green tea?
black >300
| green: 30
84
what are some polyphenolyic compounds found in tea? what do they cause?
catechins
| -astrigent taste, especially in green tea which has the most
85
what is a pro/con of polyphenolic compounds?
- may have healthful properties
| - binds to iron and limits is absorption
86
what is green tea an excellent source of?
fluorine
87
what do tannins affect?
flavor
color
astringency
88
what is the caffeine percentage in dry matter tea leaves?
2.5-5%
89
what does cocoa originate from?
it is the seeds of the fruit theobroma cocao tree
90
how is chocolate made?
- harvested
- fermented
- dried
- roasted outter layer to remove it
- milled
- pressed
91
what is yielded from the pressing step?
cocoa and cocoa butter
92
what does 1 cup of cocoa contain
0.1g of theobromine = 0.01 g of caffeine
93
in cocoa how many volatile substances are there?
>360
94
what type of antioxidants are found in cocoa?
flavanoids
95
what type of fat is found in cocoa butter?
stearic acids
96
what type of starches are found in cocoa and cocoa butter?
mostly starches
97
what type of organic acids are found in cocoa?
acetic (flavor)
citric
oxalic
98
what do tannins yield in cocoa?
color
| flavor
99
how is white chocolate made?
cocoa butter + sugar + milk solids
100
why is carob a good substitute for chocolate?
- lower in FAT
- higher in cho
- brown color
- no flavonols
- no caffeine or theobromine
101
what flavor does carob have?
fruity flavour
102
what are spices and herbs?
substance used in small quantiitues to alter the flavour of the foods.
have little/no nutritional value
103
what is the difference between herbs and spices?
part of the plant they derive from
104
how can herbs be kept fresh
in the fridge for 2 weeks
105
how much fresh herbs= 1 teaspoon of dried herbs?
3
106
when are herbs added to cooking?
only at the end to avoid driving their flavours off by heat
107
when should herbs be added in uncooked dished?
as ahead of time as possible for flavour to be absorbed
108
is the flavor of herbs better dissolved in water or fats?
fats
109
what is MSG?
- glutamic acid
- adds meaty flavor
- increases sensitivity to sour and bitter and reduces taste threshold to sweet/salty
110
what does inosinic and guanylic acids do?
they reduce the threshold for MSG
| it is a 50:50 mixtutre that potentiate sweetness and saltiness, while supressing bitterness and sourness
111
what is sea-salt?
- unrefined and dull gray due to impurities
| - obtained from evaporation of sea water
112
what must be done to table salt?
ionized salt
113
what is kosher salt?
they are chunkier crystals that from from brining.
| used to draw blood out of animals and dry it out
114
what are the different types of salt?
```
-sea salt
rock salt
table salt
kosher salt
flavored salt
```
