Beyond the classic endocrine glands Flashcards
(23 cards)
How do adipocytes store energy?
As Triglycerides and release energy as free fatty acids?
What is LPL mean?
Lipoprotein lipase
What is HSL?
Hormone-sensitive lipase
What happens when the body needs energy?
The TG is hydrolyzed
What are the hormones associated with fat?
Leptin, Adiponectin Resistin, Cytokines Oestrogens Androgens
What is obesity associated with?
Leptin resistance
What are leptin levels like in obesity?
high
What happens when they’re mutations in the Leptin gene?
Abnormal eating habits and rapid onset of morbid obesity. However, LEP mutations are rare so leptin treatments are rarely affective
Obesity is regarded as…
A state of chronic, low-level inflammation
In healthy adipose tissue-
Leptin signals satiety to the brain
Adiponectin increase insulin sensitivity
Resistin levels low
In obesity -
Leptin secretion high bt resistance to leptin
Adiponectin secretion low
Insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome
General disorder of energy metabolism is associated with
Obesity (especially visceral) Hypertension Hyperglycaemia (prediabetes) High serum triglycerides (but low HDL) Insulin resistance
What are the major activities of Gastrin?
Stimulates gastric acid secretion and proliferation of gastric acid
Stimulated by the presence of peptides and amino acids in the gastric lumen
What are the major activities of Cholecystokinin?
Stimulates secretion of pancreatic enzymes, and contraction and emptying of the gall bladder.
Stimulated by presence of fatty acids and amino acids in the small intestine
What are the major activities of Secretin?
Stimulates secretion of water and bicarbonate from the pancreas and bile ducts
Stimulated by acidic pH in the lumen of the small intestine
What are the major activities of Ghrelin?
Strong stimulant for appetite; also a potent stimulator of growth hormone secretion
What are the major activities of Gastric inhibitory polypeptide?
Inhibits gastric secretion and motility and potentiates the release of insulin from beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose concentration
Stimulated by the presence of fat and glucose in the small intestine
What is the largest endocrine gland in the body?
The gastroenteropancreatic tract is the largest endocrine gland in the body.
What are the major activities of GLP-1?
Potentiates insulin secretion in response to rising plasma glucose; reduces appetite
Stimulated by the presence of glucose and other nutrients in the small intestine
What happens in the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
The biological clock is driven by it
Non-classic endocrine organs?
Heart Kidney Bone Tumours Pineal gland
Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus?
Just above optic chiasm
Synthesis of melatonin
L-tryptophan - serotonin - melatonin
