BFE

Question 1

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What type of magma is found at hotspots?

Answer 1

Basaltic

Question 2

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What are Fissure Eruptions?

Answer 2

Where lava erupts from several points or vents simultaneously.

Question 3

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

Name the 3 Types of Plate Margin

Answer 3

• Constructive
• Destructive
• Conservative

Question 4

🌿GEOGRAPHY

What landforms are present at a Constructive Plate Margin?

Answer 4

• Mid-Ocean Ridges

- Rift Valleys

Question 5

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

-What landforms are present at a Destructive Oceanic-Continental Plate Margin?

Answer 5

• Deep Sea Trenches

- Young Fold Mountains

Question 6

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What landforms are present at a Destructive Oceanic-Oceanic Plate Margin?

Answer 6

• Deep Sea Trenches

- Island Arcs

Question 7

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What landforms are present at a Destructive Continental-Continental Plate Margin?

Answer 7

-Fold Mountains

Question 8

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

What landforms are present at Conservative Plate Margins?

Answer 8

-Low Ridges

Question 9

🌿GEOGRAPHY:

At which Plate Boundaries do Volcanoes not occur?

Answer 9

• Destructive Continental-Continental

- Conservative

Question 10

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Name the Positive Symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 10

• Delusions
• Hallucinations
• Disorganised Speech
• Disorganised Behaviour

Question 11

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Name the Negative Symptoms of schizophrenia.

Answer 11

• Speech Poverty
• Avolition
• Lack of Emotional Response
• Lack of Interest in the World

Question 12

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Type 1 Schizophrenia.

Answer 12

-Acute form characterised by positive symptoms and responsive to medication, believed to be due to problems with dopamine neurotransmission.

Question 13

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Type 2 Schizophrenia.

Answer 13

-Chronic Type characterised by Negative Symptoms and unresponsive to medication.

Question 14

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define schizophrenia

Answer 14

-A mental disorder characterised by withdrawal from reality.

Question 15

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Hallucination

Answer 15

-A perception of something to be there that does not truly exist.

Question 16

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Delusion.

Answer 16

-The false belief that is resistant to confrontation with the truth.

Question 17

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Give an example of a schizophrenic hallucination.

Answer 17

-Hearing aggressive, insulting voices telling an individual what to do.

Question 18

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Give an example of a schizophrenic delusion

Answer 18

-An individual believing that everyone is out to ‘get’ them.

Question 19

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Speech Poverty

Answer 19

-A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving short answers to questions and minimal elaboration.

Question 20

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Avolition

Answer 20

A negative symptom of schizophrenia involving a loss of energy and motivation.

Question 21

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Give 2 facts about schizophrenia

Answer 21

• 1% of Earth’s population had schizophrenia.

- Costs the UK £2Billion per year on treatment.

Question 22

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Diagnosis

Answer 22

-Identification of nature and cause of an illness.

Question 23

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Name 2 classification systems

Answer 23

• DSM-5 produced in USA.

- ICD-10 produced by WHO.

Question 24

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY:

Define Diagnosis Reliability

Answer 24

-Consistency of diagnoses.

Question 25

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Which types of reliability affect diagnosis?

Answer 25

- Test-Retest reliability | - Inter-Rater reliability

Question 26

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | What is Test-Retest reliability in diagnosis?

Answer 26

-When the same clinician makes the same diagnosis on separate occasions based on the same information.

Question 27

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | What is Inter-Rater Reliability in diagnosis?

Answer 27

-When different clinicians make the same independent diagnosis of the same patient.

Question 28

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline research by Read et al.

Answer 28

- Reported schizophrenia diagnosis reliability was only 63% in 2004. - Noted that in a 1970 study 69% of US psychiatrists diagnosed schizophrenia but only 2% of British did. - Suggests diagnosis has never been reliable.

Question 29

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline research by Jacobsen et al

Answer 29

- Used ICD classification system on 100 Danish patients with a history of psychosis to test diagnosis reliability. - Found a 98% concordance rate suggesting that up to date classification systems are reliable.

Question 30

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Evaluation points for Reliability of Diagnosis of schizophrenia

Answer 30

- DSM regarded more reliable than ICD as more accurate descriptions. - Schiz diagnosis (81%) anxiety (63%) - Even if not 100% reliable, classification systems provide a common language for further understanding and development of treatments. - Evidence suggests Reliability has improved over time (E.g. Söderberg)

Question 31

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | What does validity mean in diagnosis?

Answer 31

-How accurate the diagnosis is

Question 32

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | What 4 types of Validity affect diagnosis?

Answer 32

- Reliability - Predictive Validity - Descriptive Validity - Aetiological Validity

Question 33

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | How does Reliability affect validity of diagnosis?

Answer 33

-Reliability is the start of validity.

Question 34

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | How does predictive validity affect diagnosis?

Answer 34

-If diagnosis leads to successful treatment, then diagnosis was valid.

Question 35

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | How does Descriptive Validity affect Diagnosis?

Answer 35

-Patients of schizophrenia need to differ in symptoms from other mental disorders

Question 36

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | How does Aetiological Validity affect diagnosis?

Answer 36

-All schizophrenics should have the same cause for the disorder.

Question 37

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline the procedure of research by Rosenhan

Answer 37

- 8 volunteers went to mental hospitals claiming they could hear voices. - A hospital was informed that an unspecified number of pseudo participants would attempt entry of the next 3 months

Question 38

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline findings of research by Rosenhan

Answer 38

- It took the 8 volunteers 7-53 days to be let out as their normal behaviour was interpreted as signs of schizophrenia. - 83/193 real schizophrenic patients raised suspicion of being pseudo participants.

Question 39

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Evaluation points of Rosenhan's research

Answer 39

- Psychiatrists are there to help people, not turn them away. - Expectation bias. - Nervousness of participants may have led psychiatrists to believe they were schizophrenic.

Question 40

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline research by Jager et al

Answer 40

- Found that diagnosis of schizophrenia had high Descriptive validity. - Used ICD-10 to distinguish 951 cases of schizophrenia from other mental disorders. - Schizophrenic patients had more pronounced negative symptoms and lower overall functioning.

Question 41

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline research by Mason et al

Answer 41

- Found that more modern classification systems have higher predictive validity. - Tested 4 classification systems on 99 schizophrenic participants over 13 years.

Question 42

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Outline research by Birchwood and Jackson

Answer 42

- 20% of schizophrenic patients recover and never have another episode. - 10% commit suicide it's so bad. - They argue predictive validity is low as there is too much variety in the outcomes.

Question 43

👨‍🔬PSYCHOLOGY: | Evaluation points for diagnosis Validity of schizophrenia

Answer 43

- Argued low predictive Validity due to different patients having a wide range of symptoms and severity. - Diagnosis has a huge impact on an individuals life, low validity diagnosis is unfair. - Even if diagnosis is not great, it still provides common grounds to work on improving.