BI323 Final Exam Material from Exam 1

Question 1

Koch’s postulate

Answer 1

used to prove a casual relationship between microorganism and disease

Question 2

What are the 4 protocols in Koch’s postulate?

Answer 2

1.) microorganisms must be present in every case of disease but absent in healthy individuals
2.) suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in pure culture
3.) some disease must result when isolated microorganism is inoculated into a healthy host
4.) same microorganism must be isolated again from diseased host

Question 3

increase in apparent size of specimen that’s calculated by multiplying magnification factors of lenses

Answer 3

magnification

Question 4

minimum distance that 2 objects can be separated from 1 another and still be recognized as distinct objects

Answer 4

resolution

Question 5

How can you increase resolution?

Answer 5

1.) focus illumination light
2.) decrease illumination wavelength
3.) oil immersion at 100X

Question 6

method of lighting specimen from an opposite objective

Answer 6

brightfield illumination

Question 7

illumination of specimen without projecting light directly into objective with specialized microscopic lighting technique

Answer 7

darkfield illumination

Question 8

What is the purpose of preparing and visualizing specimen?

Answer 8

1.) increase visability
2.) accentuates specific morphology features
3.) preserves specimen

Question 9

What is the process of preparing a specimen for staining and visualization?

Answer 9

1.) fixation
2.) staining
3.) visualization

Question 10

preserves overall morphology but not internal structures

Answer 10

heat fixation

Question 11

protects fine cellular substructures and morphology of larger, delicate organisms

Answer 11

chemical fixation

Question 12

use of a single agent/dye with more frequently basic dyes being used (crystal violet, methylene blue)

Answer 12

simple staining

Question 13

divides microorganisms into groups based on staining properties

Answer 13

differential staining

Question 14

based on cell wall composition
-Gm+ bacteria have a thick peptidoglycan layer that prevents loss of crystal violet
-Gm- bacteria have a thin peptidoglycan layer, not preventing decolorization

Answer 14

Gram staining

Question 15

Briefly describe the gram staining process.

Answer 15

1.) crystal violet is the primary stain
2.) Gram iodine as the mordant
3.) 95% ethanol as the decolorization
4.) safranin as the counterstain

Question 16

What would the results of gram staining mean?

Answer 16

Gm+ = purple
Gm- = pink

Question 17

stained Myobacterium (tuberculosis and leprosy) based on high lipid content in cell walls

Answer 17

acid-fast staining

Question 18

visualize capsules that appear colorless against a staining background

Answer 18

capsule staining

Question 19

double staining technique to visualize a bacterial endospore-green vs. vegetative cell-pink

Answer 19

endospore staining

Question 20

non-fixed living cells seen through the conversion of phase shifts in light passing through a specimen to brightness changes in image

Answer 20

phase-contrast light microscopy

Question 21

uses a beam of electrons as a source of illumination

Answer 21

electron microscopy

Question 22

What is the difference between scanning and transmission when using an electron microscope?

Answer 22

scanning only allows you to see the surface of the organisms vs. transmission allows you to see the internal cellular structures

Question 23

simpler than eukaryotic cell structure with unique structures not observed in eukaryotes

Answer 23

prokaryotes

Question 24

sphere-shaped

Answer 24

coccus

Question 25

pair of sphere-shaped bacteria

Answer 25

diplocuccus

Question 26

chains of sphere-shaped cells

Answer 26

streptococci

Question 27

grape-like clusters of sphere-shaped cells

Answer 27

staphylococci

Question 28

4 cocci in a square

Answer 28

tetrads

Question 29

cubic formation of 8 cocci

Answer 29

sarcinae

Question 30

rod shaped bacteria

Answer 30

bacillus

Question 31

very short rods

Answer 31

coccobacilli

Question 32

"comma" shaped bacteria

Answer 32

vibrio

Question 33

rigid helices

Answer 33

spirilum

Question 34

flexible helices

Answer 34

spriochetes

Question 35

form hyphae

Answer 35

filementous

Question 36

branched hyphae

Answer 36

mycelium

Question 37

includes plasma membrane and surrounding layers

Answer 37

cell envelope

Question 38

separates cell interior from environment, selectively permeable (transport system), perform crucial metabolic processes, and has TM protein membrane receptor used for detection and response to chemicals

Answer 38

plasma membrane

Question 39

What are the components of a cell's plasma membrane?

Answer 39

phospholipids and peripheral and integral membrane proteins

Question 40

List some macronutrients found in the plasma membrane.

Answer 40

carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, sulfur, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, and iron

Question 41

List some micronutrients found in the plasma membrane.

Answer 41

manganese, zinc, cobalt, nickel, molybdenum, copper

Question 42

What are growth factors and give some examples?

Answer 42

essential cell components that can't be synthesized - amino acids, purines, pyrimidines, and vitamins

Question 43

does not require energy to move substances from a higher concentration to a lower concentration

Answer 43

passive diffusion

Question 44

spontaneous transport of glycerol, amino acids, and sugars from a higher concentration to a lower concentration with the size of the gradient impacting uptake rate -rate reaches a plateau -has a presence of carrier molecules and requirement of smaller concentration gradient

Answer 44

facilitated diffusion

Question 45

energy-dependent process whether it is ATP or proton motive force that goes against the concentration gradient and requires carrier proteins

Answer 45

active transport

Question 46

transports sugars, amino acids, and specific antibiotics -ubiquitously conserved -consists of 2 nucleotide binding domains and a substrate binding protein that delivers molecule to transporter

Answer 46

ABC transporteres

Question 47

use ion gradient to co-transport substances

Answer 47

secondary active transport

Question 48

2 substances move in the same direction

Answer 48

symport

Question 49

2 substances move in opposite directions

Answer 49

antiport

Question 50

energy-dependent process where a molecule crossing the cell membrane gets transported AND transformed in many facultative anaerobes

Answer 50

group translocation

Question 51

iron sources are transported into Gm- bacterial cell via ABC or enters directly -siderophores aid in uptake

Answer 51

iron uptake

Question 52

rigid structure surrounding the plasma membrane giving the cell its shape, provide protection from toxic substances, and contribute to pathogenicity -made of peptidoglycans

Answer 52

cell wall

Question 53

hypotonic solutions that the cell wall can protect against

Answer 53

osmotic lysis

Question 54

hypertonic solutions that cell wall can't protect against

Answer 54

plasmolysis

Question 55

What is the cell wall structure of Gm- bacteria?

Answer 55

thin peptidoglycan layer that can easily be decolorized -outer membrane consists of lipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, and adhesion sites

Question 56

What is the cell wall structure of Gm+ bacteria?

Answer 56

thick peptidoglycan layer that cannot easily be decolorized and contains teichoic acid and a surface layer of proteins

Question 57

direct contact between plasma membrane and outer membrane that may allow direct movement of material into cell -found in Gm- bacteria

Answer 57

adhesion sites

Question 58

What are the 3 components of lipopolysaccarides

Answer 58

O antigen, core polysaccharide, and lipid A

Question 59

immunogenic and provides protection from host defenses

Answer 59

O antigen

Question 60

contributes to negative charge on cell's surface

Answer 60

core polysaccaride

Question 61

stabilizes outer membrane and is endotoxin

Answer 61

lipid A

Question 62

space between inner and outer membrane containing periplasmic enzymes and exoenzymes

Answer 62

periplasmic space

Question 63

function for nutrient acquisition, electron transport, peptidoglycan synthesis, and modification in Gm- bacteria

Answer 63

periplasmic enzyme

Question 64

function for nutrient acquisition, electron transport, peptidoglycan synthesis, and modification in Gm+ bacteria

Answer 64

exoenzyme

Question 65

layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall that are well organized and resist phagocytosis

Answer 65

capsule layer

Question 66

layer of polysaccharides outside the cell wall that are disorganized, easily removed, and diffuse

Answer 66

slime layer

Question 67

What is the name for the combination of the capsule and slime layer?

Answer 67

glycocalyx

Question 68

structured layer of proteins or glycoproteins outside the cell wall that is common among Archaea

Answer 68

s-layer

Question 69

What is different about Archaeal plasma membrane and cell wall compared to prokaryotes?

Answer 69

-plasma membrane: composed of unique lipids in a monolayer structure -cell wall: lack peptidoglycans

Question 70

~70% water between membrane and nucleoid packed with ribosomes and inclusion bodies

Answer 70

cytoplasmic matrix

Question 71

widely observed in bacteria and archaea functioning in cell divison

Answer 71

FtsZ

Question 72

found in most rod-shaped bacteria functioning to determine cell shape, chromosome segregation, localizing proteins, motility, and establishing cell polarity

Answer 72

Mbl

Question 73

observed in C. crescentus inducing curvature

Answer 73

crescentin

Question 74

found in many photosynthetic and high respiratory activity bacteria acting as an aggregate of spherical and flattened vesicles and tubular membrane

Answer 74

plasma membrane in-foldings

Question 75

membrane-bound organelle unique to Planctomycetes that generates and maintains a proton motor force for ATP synthesis

Answer 75

anammoxosome

Question 76

aggregation of (in)organic materials

Answer 76

inclusions

Question 77

What are the 2 carbon storage inclusions?

Answer 77

glycogen and poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB)

Question 78

What does a phosphate inclusion store?

Answer 78

polyphosphate granules

Question 79

What does a sulfur inclusion store?

Answer 79

sulfur globules

Question 80

What does a nitrogen inclusion store and in which bacteria?

Answer 80

cyanophycin granules in cyanobacteria

Question 81

not bound by lipid bilayer that functions as other than metabolic stockpile -EX: carboxysomes

Answer 81

microcompartments

Question 82

have hollow cylindrical vesicles to help with buoyancy in some aquatic prokaryotes

Answer 82

gas vacuoles

Question 83

found in aquatic bacteria containing iron, orienting cells in magnetic fields

Answer 83

magnetosomes

Question 84

complexes of protein and RNA that function in protein synthesis

Answer 84

ribosomes

Question 85

What are the ribosomal subunits that make up 50S?

Answer 85

protein, 5S, and 23S

Question 86

What are the ribosomal subunits that make up 30S?

Answer 86

protein and 16S

Question 87

~ 60% DNA, 30% RNA, and 10% protein located in 1 circular chromosome that is not membrane-bound -some may have more than 1 chromosome and it may be linear

Answer 87

nucleoid

Question 88

small, closed circular DNA molecules that have selective advantages and are extrachromosomal -laterally transferred and used for molecular biological applications

Answer 88

plasmids

Question 89

short, thin, hairlike, proteinaceous appendages attached to cell's surface with up to 1,000 per cell

Answer 89

fimbria

Question 90

What does it mean when a fimbria is polar?

Answer 90

located at 1 end

Question 91

What does it mean when a fimbria is monotrichous?

Answer 91

1 flagellum

Question 92

What does it mean when a fimbria is amphitrichous?

Answer 92

1 flagellum at each end

Question 93

What does it mean when a fimbria is lophotrichous?

Answer 93

cluster of flagellum at 1 or both ends

Question 94

What does it mean when a fimbria is peritrichous?

Answer 94

flagellum are spread over the entire cell surface

Question 95

hollow rigid cylinder found in the flagellum

Answer 95

filament

Question 96

links filament to basal body in the flagellum

Answer 96

hook

Question 97

series of rings driving flagellar motor

Answer 97

basal body

Question 98

What does it mean when the flagellum is moving in a counterclockwise motion?

Answer 98

forward motion/run

Question 99

What does it mean when the flagellum is moving in a clockwise motion?

Answer 99

disrupts run/tumble

Question 100

flexing/spinning movement driven by periplasmic axial fibrils

Answer 100

spirochete motility

Question 101

type IV pili that's jery and irregular motions

Answer 101

twitching motility

Question 102

coasting along solid surfaces with no known visible motility structure

Answer 102

gliding motility

Question 103

What is different about the archaeal flagella?

Answer 103

it has 1+ flagellin subunit type with no hollow filament and rotational movements

Question 104

similar to fimbrae but is required for mating, is longer, thicker, and less numerous with only 1-10 per cell

Answer 104

sex pili

Question 105

movement towards or away from a chemical that's detected by cell surface chemoreceptors

Answer 105

chemotaxis

Question 106

What happens when there is an absence of chemochemoattractant?

Answer 106

there are random movements

Question 107

What happens when there is a chemoattractant?

Answer 107

there are directional movements

Question 108

dormant and resist numerous environmental conditions-heat, radiation, chemicals, and desiccation -have a thick spore coat that is impermeable peptidoglycan cortex and core wall surrounding the nucleoid and ribosomes

Answer 108

endospores

Question 109

Why is believed that endospores are resistant to many environmental conditions?

Answer 109

it has a dehydrated core, spore coat, and DNA repair enzymes

Question 110

formation of spores when there is a lack of nutrients

Answer 110

sporulation

Question 111

What are the general 3 steps of sporulation?

Answer 111

1.) activation prepares spores for germination 2.) germination causes rupture and absorption of spore coat caused by spore swelling 3.) outgrowth causes emergence of vegetative cell