Big 4 Flashcards
(59 cards)
what is the most common female cancer in the UK
breast then endometrial then ovarian
what is the incidence of breast cancer
15% of all breast cancer
how many women in the UK in a year will develop breast cancer
1 in 8 women
how many men in the UK in a year will develop breast cancer
1 in 870
what are some RF for breast cancer
1) inc age
2) inc oestrogen exposure - nulliparious, early menarche, late menopause, obesity
3) obesity
4) oral contraceptive pill and some HRT
5) alcohol
6) obesity
7) Ionising radiation
8) FH - 1st-degree relative
which are the genes that are related to breast cancer
BRCA1/2
what other cancer is BRCA 1 related to
ovarian
what other cancer is BRCA 2 related to
early onset breast cancer
more common in male breast cancer
what are the different types of breast cancer
1) invasive ductal carcinoma - most common - 70-80%
2) lobular carcinoma - 10%
3) medullary
4) colloid
5) comedo
6) papillary
which type of breast cancer is particularly related to multi-centric breast cancer
lobular
which type of breast cancer doe ductal carcinoma in situ cause?
invasive ductal carcinoma
how does ductal carcinoma in situ cause breast cancer
atypical proliferation of the epithelial cells –> fills and plugs the ductus –> invasive ductal carcinoma
how does DCIS present on a mammogram?
calcification of the ductus
symptoms of breast cancer?
1) breast mass ( painless is a RFL)
2) nipple discharge - bloody
3) puckered/indrawn nipples
4) Peau d’ orange (can be mastitis, so will need follow up after ABx given)
5) paget’s = nipple eczema
6) swollen arm, numbness in hand –> signs of lymphadenopathy
7) symptoms of mets
where does breast cancer spread to most commonly
to lungs, liver, bone, brain and lymph nodes
Ix for breast cancer
triple assessments
- clinical exams and history
- bilateral mammogram - bilateral because of mets, multicentric
- USS guided biopsy to the suspicious area +/- axillary nodes
if high risks of mets –> isotope bone scans, CT liver scans
if discrepancy within the triple assessment then do MRI to further confirm
what modality of biopsy is done to investigate breast cancer as part of the triple assessment
fine needle aspiration cytology core biopsy incisional biopsy excisional biopsy needle biopsy
which stage system does breast cancer employ?
TNM
what the T part of the breast cancer staging like?
T0 = no primary tumour Tis = in situ disease, non-invasve T1 = invasive tumour < 2 cm T2 = invasive tumour 2-5 cm T3 = invasive tumour >5cm T4 = skin involvement
what the N part of the breast cancer staging like?
N0 = no LN involvement N1 = mobile axillary nodes N2 = fixed axillary nodes N3 = internal mammary nodes
what the M part of the breast cancer staging like?
M0 = no mets M1 = mets
what is the TNM make up of stage 0 breast cancer
Tis, N0, MO
what is the TNM make up of stage 1 breast cancer
T1, N0, M0
what is the TNM make up of stage 2 breast cancer
T2/3, N0, M0 or T0/1/2, N1, M0
