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BIO 311D Big Idea 3 > Big Idea 3 > Flashcards

Big Idea 3 Flashcards

(68 cards)

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1
Q

Homeostasis

A

maintaining a relatively constant internal environment in the presence of changing external conditions

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2
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

when the response opposes the stimulus

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3
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

when the response further enhances the stimulus

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4
Q

Thermoregulation

A

how animals maintain an internal temperature within an acceptable range

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5
Q

Endothermic

A

generates heat internally

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6
Q

Exothermic

A

gains most of their heat from the external environment

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7
Q

Radiation

A

heat transfer from a warmer object to a cooler one via infrared

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8
Q

Evaporation

A

vaporization of water from a surface

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9
Q

Conduction

A

heat transfer between two objects by direct contact

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10
Q

Convection

A

heat transfer through movement of air or liquid

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11
Q

Vasodilation

A

widening of superficial blood vessels

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12
Q

Vasoconstriction

A

decrease in diameter of superficial blood vessels

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13
Q

Countercurrent Exchange

A

transfer of heat between fluids flowing in opposite directions

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14
Q

Hormone

A

released by cells of the endocrine system; travel in the bloodstream

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15
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

act on other neurons, muscles, or glands; travels very short distances across a synapse

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16
Q

Neurohormones

A

released by neurosecretory cells and travel in the bloodstream

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17
Q

Steroid Hormone

A

derived from cholesterol (e.g., testosterone, estrogen, aldosterone, etc.); must bind to carrier proteins because they are hydrophobic

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18
Q

Peptide/Amine Hormone

A

derived from amino acids (e.g., melatonin, dopamine, antidiuretic hormone (ADH), etc.); travels directly within the bloodstream because they are hydrophilic

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19
Q

Hormone Cascade

A

hormones target endocrine tissues that release different hormones in response

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20
Q

Insulin

A

helps your body turn food into energy and controls your blood sugar levels

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21
Q

Glucagon

A

a hormone that your pancreas makes to help regulate your blood glucose levels; increases blood sugar

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22
Q

Mechanical Digestion

A

breaks food down into smaller pieces, increasing surface area (chewing, grinding, stomach churning, peristalsis in the intestines)

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23
Q

Chemical Digestion

A

cleaves large molecules into smaller molecules (enzymatic hydrolysis); stomach acid, saliva, and enzymes in the stomach and intestines

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24
Q

Perstalisis

A

alternating waves of contraction and relaxation in the smooth muscles lining the alimentary canal that push food along the canal

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25
Microbiome
the collection of microorganisms living in or on an organism's body, along with their genetic material
26
Osmosis
the movement of water across a semipermeable membrane
27
Isoosmotic
equal solutes on both sides, no net water movement
28
Hypoosmotic
lower solute than the other side, water moves out
29
Hyperosmotic
higher solute than the other side, water moves in
30
Nephron
part of kidney that filters, reabsorbs, secretes, and excretes liquid waste
31
Arteries
carry blood from the heart to the organs; away from heart
32
Veins
carry blood from the organs to the heart; towards the heart
33
Capillaries
thin-walled vessels; networks (beds) infiltrate each organ
34
Atria
receive blood entering the heart
35
Ventricles
pump blood out of the heart
36
Pulmonary Circuit
oxygen-poor blood moves from the heart to capillary beds in gas exchange tissues (lungs) (reptiles and mammals)
37
Systemic Circuit
oxygen-rich blood moves from the heart to the organs
38
Semilunar Valves
each of a pair of valves in the heart. at the bases of the aorta and the pulmonary artery consisting of three cusps or flaps which prevent the flow of blood back into the heart
39
Atrioventricular Valves
these valves separate the atria from the ventricles on each side of the heart and prevent backflow from the ventricles into the atria during systole
40
Aerobic Respiration
C6H1206 + 6O2 yields 6CO2 + 6H2O + energy; oxygen needs to be taken in from the environment and carbon dioxide needs to be emitted into the environment
41
Partial Pressure
the pressure exerted by a particular gas in a mixture of gases
42
Alveoli
where gas exchange occurs in the longs
43
Hemoglobin
a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood of vertebrates
44
Cooperative Binding
when one subunit binds to O2, all other bind O2 readily; when one subunit unloads O2, all other unload O2 more readily
45
Photosynthesis
Light + 6CO2 +6H20 yields C6H12O6 +6O2 ; provides building materials for bodies, generates oxygen in our atmosphere, provides food for heterotrophs
46
Chloroplast
location of photosynthesis
47
Mesophyll Cell
cells that contain chloroplasts
48
Stomata
controls gas and water exchange with the environment
49
Guard Cells
balance water conservation with gas exchange for photosynthesis
50
Turgid
swollen
51
Flaccid
limp
52
Photorespiration
Rubisco interacts with O2, produces CO2 without making any glucose and wastes ATP
53
C3 Plants
these plants use the Calvin Cycle in the dark reaction of photosynthesis; most plants
54
C4 Plants
plants that have spatial separation of organic acid incorporation and Calvin cycle
55
CAM Plants
plants that have temporal separation of organic acid incorporation and Calvin cycle
56
Rubisco
the most abundant protein on the planet; an enzyme that catalyzes the reaction that fixes carbon dioxide into the Calvin cycle
57
Bundle-Sheath Cells
a leaf cell type that forms a tightly packed layer surrounding the veins; one of the most significant features that makes photosynthesis more efficient in C4 plants
58
PEP Carboxylase
interacts with CO2; binds CO2 better than Rubisco
59
Nitrogen Fixation
bacterial species can transform environmental nitrogen into usable forms for plants (e.g., NH4+ and NO3)
60
Mycorrhizae
mutualistic association of roots and fungi
61
Apoplast
everything external to the plasma membrane of a plant cell, including cell walls, intercellular spaces, and the space within dead structures such as xylem vessels and trachieds
62
Symplast
in plants, the continuum of cytoplasm connected by plasmodesmata between cells
63
Water Potential
the physical property predicting the direction in which water will flow, governed by solute concentration and applied pressure
64
Xylem
vascular plant tissue consisting mainly of tubular dead cells that conduct most of the water and minerals upward from the roots to the rest of the plant
65
Phloem
vascular plant tissue consisting of living cells arranged into elongated tubes that transport sugar and other organic nutrients throughout the plant
66
Transpiration
the evaporative loss of water from a plant
67
Cohesion
the attraction of molecules for molecules of the same kind
68
Adhesion
the binding of a cell to another cell or a cell to a surface

BIO 311D Big Idea 3 (1 decks)

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