Big Idea #3 Essentials/Vocabulary

Question 1

4 main stages of cell cycle

Answer 1

---Interphase---
G1 
S - synthesis, chromosomes duplicate
G2 - last part of interphase
---------------------
M (mitotic phase) - mitosis distributes daughter chromosomes to daughter nuclei, cytoplasm divides, producing two daughter cells.

Question 2

Mitosis stages

Answer 2

G2 of Interphase, Prophase, Prometaphase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase, Cytokinesis. (study too pg 232)

Question 3

Meiosis I and II stages

Answer 3

study in book now (pg 254)

Question 4

crossing over occurs during ________of meiosis

Answer 4

Prophase I

Question 5

cell division control mechanism: checkpoints

Answer 5

control point where stop and go signals can regulate the cycle. ex. G1 in animal cells most important, since it starts off cell division, if not given the go ahead it will resort to a G0 phase.

Question 6

cell division control mechanism: cyclin / protein kinases

Answer 6

protein kinases- enzymes that activate or inactivate other proteins by phosphorylating them (constant concentration) activated by: cyclins, whose concentration determines the activity of the kinases

Question 7

cell division control mechanism: growth factors

Answer 7

protein released by certain cells that stimulates other cells to divide

Question 8

cell division control mechanism: density-dependent inhibition

Answer 8

crowded cells stop dividing. ex. cultured cells divide until one layer is reached. will not move forward in cell cycle, even if growth factors are present.

Question 9

3 sources of variation

Answer 9

independent assortment (metaphase), crossing over (not just maternal/paternal DNA, because of c.o., genes are mixed on chromosomes), random pairing of gametes.

Question 10

binary fission

Answer 10

Binary fission (“division in half”) is a kind of asexual reproduction. It is the most common form of reproduction in prokaryotes and occurs in some single-celled eukaryotes. After replicating its genetic material, the cell divides into two nearly equal sized daughter cells.

Question 11

spermatogenesis

Answer 11

formation and development of sperm. all 4 products of meiosis make gametes, occurs throughout life, continuous sequence

Question 12

oogenesis

Answer 12

development of mature eggs, only 1 out of 4 products of meiosis become gamete because cytokinesis is uneven (all cytoplasm to one cell), complete before birth, interrupted sequence

Question 13

Life cycles (just study this ok)

Answer 13

Human: zygote (2n) to multicellular organism (2n) to gametes (n) to zygote (2n)
Fungi: zygote (2n) to multicellular organism (n) to gametes (n) to zygote (2n)
Plants: zygote (2n) to sporophyte (2n) to spores (n) to gametophyte (n) to gametes (n) to zygote (2n)–referred to as alternation of generations

Question 14

mendel 3 laws

Answer 14

law of dominance, law of segregation: genes have alternate forms (alleles) which segregate during meiosis so each cell has one allele, law of independent assortment: pair of alleles segregates independently of a pair of alleles for any other gene.

Question 15

linked genes do not follow the law of_______

Answer 15

independent assortment

Question 16

autosomal recessive disorder

Answer 16

two copies of an abnormal gene must be present in order for the disease or trait to develop. ex. Tay-Sachs cystic fibrosis, sickle cell anemia, phenylketonuria.

Question 17

autosomal dominant disorder

Answer 17

a single copy of the disease-associated mutation is enough to cause the disease. ex. Huntington, achondroplasia.

Question 18

nondisjunction error

Answer 18

members in a pair of homologous chromosomes do not move apart properly during meiosis I or sister chromatids fail to separate during meiosis II. ex. Down, Klinefelter, Turner Syndrome.

Question 19

P1, F1, F2

Answer 19

PARENT, DAUGHTER, DAUGHTER GENERATIONS

Question 20

polygenic traits

Answer 20

effect of 2 or more genes on a single phenotypic character

Question 21

multiple alleles

Answer 21

most genes exist in two or more allelic forms ex. gene for blood types could be iA, iB, or i

Question 22

epistasis

Answer 22

phenotypic expression of one gene alters that of another independently inherited gene

Question 23

plieotropy

Answer 23

most genes have multiple phenotypic effects

Question 24

X inactivation and Barr body

Answer 24

most of one X chromosome in female mammals become inactive during embryonic development. inactive X condenses into Barr body, which is activated when gametes are made. the certain X that is inactivated is inherited.

Question 25

holandric traits

Answer 25

carried on Y

Question 26

linkage map and map unit

Answer 26

probability of genes on a chromosome to be moved in crossing over relative to distance of loci from centromere blah blah blah and map unit is the measurement of the distance between

Question 27

aneuploidy

Answer 27

abnormal number of a particular chromosome

Question 28

wild type vs mutant type

Answer 28

wild type- phenotype for character most commonly observed in natural populations
mutant type- alternatives to wild type, originated from mutations from the wild type

Question 29

mismatch repair

Answer 29

other enzymes remove and replace incorrectly paired nucleotides that have resulted from replication errors.

Question 30

nucleotide excision repair

Answer 30

segment containing damage is cut out by nuclease (enzyme), gap is filled with nucleotides which uses the undamaged strand as a template, DNA polymerase and DNA ligase fill the gap.

Question 31

Types of DNA replication mutations: frameshift

Answer 31

insertion or deletion of nucleotides that shifts the how they are read, the reading frame (multiple of 3). occurs when the insertion or deletion is not a multiple of 3.

Question 32

Types of DNA replication mutations: missense

Answer 32

changes one amino acid to another one, still codes for an amino and usually makes sense

Question 33

Types of DNA replication mutations: nonsense

Answer 33

changes a codon to a stop codon from an amino acid, which prematurely terminates the polypeptide.