Big ideas Flashcards

Question

Parliamentary press gallery

Answer 1

an association of reporters who cover the decisions and actions of Canada’s government. Includes: ABORIGINAL PEOPLES TELEVISION NETWORK APTN provides First Nations, Métis and Inuit peoples “the opportunity to share their stories with all of Canada through a national television network dedicated to Aboriginal programming.” APTN broadcasts in English, French and several Aboriginal languages. ASSOCIATION DE LA PRESSE FRANCOPHONE This news organization serves Francophone communities outside of Québec. Its membership includes Le Franco, based in Edmonton. Why do you think Francophone communities in Alberta might have different perspectives on issues than Francophones living in Québec? CBC/RADIO-CANADA CBC/Radio-Canada, Canada’s public broadcaster, provides radio, television, Internet and satellite-based services in English, French and eight Aboriginal languages to all Canadians. It also broadcasts in nine languages to Canadians and international listeners abroad, and in eight languages to new and aspiring Canadians. LE DEVOIR This French-language newspaper, based in Montréal, is distributed in Québec. MING PAO NEWS This Chinese-language newspaper, based in Hong Kong, has Canadian editions in Toronto and Vancouver. OMNI TELEVISION This television broadcaster aims to “reflect Canada’s diversity through multicultural, multilingual and multi-faith programming.” It broadcasts in several languages and targets many cultural groups in Canada, including South Asian, Italian, Portuguese, Chinese, and Caribbean communities.

Answer 2

* Who is the writer(s) or speaker(s)? * Do they have authority to speak about the subject? * Does the information provide facts and evidence? * Does it use stereotyping, or appeal to fear or emotion? * Does it ignore any people or groups? * How does the information fit with what you already know? * How could you verify the information for accuracy?

Answer 3

* A lobbyist is someone hired by a group to influence MPs and government officials. * Lobbyists must register with a Commissioner of Lobbyists, so everyone in Canada can know who they are and who they represent. Lobbyists voice the views of groups on issues that affect their members, products or services. These issues can also affect all Canadians. Within the federal political system, lobbyists provide different perspectives and in-depth expertise on many issues. * The Federal Accountability Act introduced rules that require lobbyists to document which MPs and government officials they meet with.

Answer 4

Create a multimedia presentation sharing your position on youth justice issues.

Answer 5

Youth: * Deals with 12- to 17- year olds in trouble with the law. * Allows some young offenders to face consequences such as counselling and community service. * Prohibits adult sentences for youths 12 to 14 years of age. Allows adult sentences for young people 14 years of age and older who have committed serious crimes. * Protects the privacy of young offenders. News media may not publish their names unless they receive an adult sentence. * Allows most young offenders to avoid a criminal record. Adult: * Deals with adults in trouble with the law. * Makes going to court the usual consequence for breaking the law. * Defines adult sentences, which can include long periods of imprisonment for some crimes. * Allows the publication of offenders’ names. * Creates a criminal record for most offenders.

Answer 6

- remain silent - speak to a lawyer, parent or guardian - to have parents with you during questioning - to have a lawyer if you go to court

Answer 7

See images 4, 5

Answer 8

Before the YCJA, every young person who broke the law was charged and went to court. This often meant: * Young offenders did not face consequences for a long time, because the courts are busy with many cases and offenders. * The consequences did not always connect back to the people and communities the offence affected. Additionally, the YOA (Young Offenders Act) placed more emphasis on punishment than rehabilitation

Answer 9

* The seriousness of the offence. For example, a violent offence is more serious than a non-violent offence. * The history of the young person. Someone who’s been in trouble before may face more serious consequences than a first-time offender. * The attitude of the young person. A young person who takes responsibility for their actions will face less serious consequences than someone who does not. * The circumstances of the young person. For example, a young person’s actions may relate to substance abuse, or to a situation they face at home or in their community. They may need support from a social worker more than consequences from the justice system.

Answer 10

The following principles apply in the Youth Criminal Justice Act: (i) prevent crime by addressing the circumstances underlying a young person’s offending behavior, (ii) rehabilitate young persons who commit offences and reintegrate them into society, and (iii) ensure that a young person is subject to meaningful consequences for his or her offence in order to promote the long-term protection of society. (iv) the criminal justice system for young persons must be separate from that of adults and [recognize]… their reduced level of maturity.

Answer 11

Very controversial topic, as many believe they are not due because public safety is more important, such as removing the media ban and giving out harsher sentences

Answer 12

* Under the YCJA, a person 14 years of age or older may choose to be tried by a judge and jury for certain serious offences, such as assault or murder. * For these offences, juries always have twelve people and all twelve must agree on the verdict. Their decision must be unanimous. * Anyone 18 years of age and older who is a Canadian citizen is eligible for jury duty, with some exceptions. For example, people convicted of some crimes are not eligible. * Serving on juries is considered a duty of Canadian citizens. * If you are summoned to jury duty, it’s your responsibility to appear at the courthouse on time. You must make whatever arrangements are necessary for transportation, time off work or classes, and rebooking appointments. * Employers have to give you time off for jury duty, but don’t have to pay you. * People are excused from jury duty only if they can demonstrate that it would cause them undue hardship. Juries are sequestered from the outside world, and are expected to make a decision based on only the evidence presented

Answer 13

What symbols does the cartoon use? What situation does the cartoon show? What’s the message? Describe the situation in one sentence, then replace symbols with meanings

Answer 14

Does the speaker have experience or qualifications to speak about the topic? Does the information come from a reputable source? Does the source/ information state facts, opinions or bias? Does the source/ information represent balanced points of view and perspectives? Does the source information meet your research needs?

Answer 15

* Canada has two major citizen-led organizations involved in the justice system: the John Howard Society and the Elizabeth Fry Society. * These organizations work independently of government. They try to solve the underlying reasons for crime. * They provide public education about laws and the justice system, including the Youth Criminal Justice Act. * They work with youths and adults who have broken the law to help them return to their communities. For example, they may help them find jobs and places to live. Sometimes they arrange meetings between victims and offenders to help everyone move forward. * They stand up for the rights of youths and adults accused of crimes. * They call for measures to improve the fairness of the justice system for people accused of crimes and those harmed by crime. * The Elizabeth Fry Society focuses on justice issues for women and girls. The John Howard Society works with men, women, boys and girls in trouble with the law

Answer 16

They use traditional methods that are sometimes more effective on aboriginal youth, mainly sitting in a circle and talking

Answer 17

Organize an informal debate about individual rights and freedoms in Canada.

Answer 18

* The Charter of Rights and Freedoms is part of Canada’s constitution. The constitution sets out the framework for how Canada is to be governed. * The constitution is the highest law of Canada. All other laws must be consistent with it. * Before the Charter, Canada’s provincial and federal government had — and still have — a variety of laws about individual rights. The Charter created constitutional protections for individual rights and freedoms, which apply to laws and governments across Canada. * With the Charter, Canadians can challenge in court laws that restrict their rights. The judicial branch makes decisions about these challenges by interpreting how to apply the Charter. It strikes down laws that restrict rights in an unjustified way. * The Charter says that Canada’s government is justified in restricting rights, if the restrictions are necessary to maintain Canada as a free and democratic society.

Answer 19

Fundamental Freedoms * The freedom to express your opinions. * The freedom to choose your own religion. * The freedom to organize peaceful meetings and demonstrations. * The freedom to associate with any person or group. Democratic Rights * The right to vote for members of the House of Commons and of provincial legislatures. * The right to vote for a new government at least every five years. Mobility Rights * The right to move anywhere within Canada and to earn a living there. * The right to enter, stay in, or leave Canada. Legal Rights * The right to be free of imprisonment, search and seizure without reasons backed by law and evidence. * The right to a fair and quick public trial by an impartial court that assumes that you are innocent until proven guilty. Equality Rights * The right to be free of discrimination because of race, national or ethnic origin, religion, gender, age, or mental or physical disability.

Answer 20

Indian Act: Aimed at forceful assimilation and destroying indigenous culture (fundamental freedom and equality right violation) Women's suffrage: Once banned women from voting (democratic right violation) War internment: Internment labor camps took away everything (every right violation)

Answer 21

* What events, values and attitudes contributed to the government action? * What clues can you find in the information that help you identify causes? * What happened after the event? * How do the causes and effects compare in importance or impact? Rank them. * How does the intent of the government action compare with the results?

Answer 22

3 British Columbians born deaf and left without interpreters in hospitals won a supreme court case of an equality right violation and established a permanent system of sign language interpreters in hospitals that had been previously provided by a non-profit gone bankrupt

Answer 23

An act that made it previously impossible to shop on Sundays that was abolished because it was a freedom of religion violation. Immediately after the Charter was created, Calgary's Big M drug mart opened illegally on Sunday

Answer 24

Canada has put out a no-fly list for people once deemed threats against airline safety. However, it has been controversial because of "innocent until proven guilty" and mobility rights violations. Nevertheless, it has still stayed in place

Answer 25

Issue because of normal children not being able to tell the difference between a commercial and regular programming, thus taking advantage of their disabilities for profit. This very slightly violates the Charter's life, liberty, security section because junk food is harmful to children and exploitation is very ethically wrong

Answer 26

Ontario women and labor unions challenged the supreme court that the principle of pay equity based on the Charter's equality rights was not fulfilled. They won and got 414 million dollars in lost wages

Answer 27

Olive Dickason, a professor at the U of A, challenged the supreme court on whether she would have to retire at age 65. She lost because of the terms in her contract but from then after, employers began to become a lot more soft in retirement ages

Answer 28

Create a display for an exhibit on collective rights in Canada.

Answer 29

See image 6

Answer 30

The Numbered Treaties are historic agreements that affect the rights and identity of some First Nations in Canada. The First Nations shared their land, while the government gave them Annuities, Farming assistance, education, health care, and hunting and fishing rights

Answer 31

The first nations thought of oral agreements as binding while the government only recognized the written ones. Therefore, there were quite a lot of translation errors that caused both sides (mainly the first nations) to miss out on a lot of key points

Answer 32

* The act affirmed the collective rights of First Nations. It also created officials for each reserve — “Indian Agents” — with the power to decide individually how the government would fulfill its duties. This meant there were many interpretations of what Treaty rights meant on a case-by-case basis. * The Indian Act dates from 1876. At the time, Canada’s government thought it appropriate to make laws for First Nations without consulting them. This connects to Canada’s colonial past, when people of European descent believed their cultures superior to other cultures (ethnocentrism). * The act defines who may be registered as a “status Indian” with Treaty rights. This means the federal government mostly controls these decisions, not First Nations themselves. The Indian Act was — and is — a way for the government to administer Treaty rights to Treaty peoples. * The act originally aimed to assimilate First Nations peoples. – It defined how First Nations peoples had to conduct their affairs, such as band elections, although First Nations had their own ways of governing themselves. – At points in its history, the act restricted the right of First Nations people to travel freely, to take political action, to wear traditional dress, and to take part in traditional ceremonies. – Until 1960, the act required First Nations people to give up their legal identity and Treaty rights to gain the right to vote. * Pressure from First Nations has caused Canada’s government to revise the Indian Act several times. The act remains in force today

Answer 33

The first nations governance act allowed first nations to make decisions by themselves and have sovereignty. However, no group was consulted on their opinion to the act, hence its presence as an issue

Answer 34

a group that speaks one of Canada’s official languages (English or French) and that does not make up the majority population of a province or territory

Answer 35

Official bilingualism * Sections 16 to 20 of the Charter establish French and English as official languages of Canada, and the right of Canadian citizens to conduct their affairs with the federal government in either official language. * These sections also establish New Brunswick as an officially bilingual province. Minority language education rights * Section 23 of the Charter says that a French-speaking or English speaking minority population of sufficient size in any province has the right to publicly funded schools that serve their language community.

Answer 36

The idea of a bilingual country came from the BNA act where Canada was established as bicultural and bilingual. However, acts like the Manitoba schools act, Haultain Resolution and North-West Territories Ordinance Number 22 made Francophones have their rights denied. So, Pierre Trudeau thought it was a good time to firmly entrench the education rights into the constitution, making a lot of Francophones living in minority settings able to educate their children in French

Answer 37

Although Bill 101 made English culture nearly disappear in Quebec, the Charter and the Supreme court made rulings such as French can be more prominent than English but not ban English altogether and Francophone parents must send their children to Francophone schools while immigrant parents can send their children to Anglophones, all mainly fair decisions aimed at protecting Francophone and Anglophone culture in Canada

Answer 38

A bill passed by the Quebec government that mandated to have all signs in French and immigrant and French families mandated to send their children to French schools

Answer 39

Create a storyboard about issues concerning immigration in Canada.

Answer 40

The immigration and refugee protection act was created to: * Pursue social, cultural and economic benefits for all Canadians. * Respect the bilingual and multicultural character of Canada. * Support the development of minority official language communities in Canada. * Share the benefits of immigration and support a prosperous economy across all regions of Canada. * Reunite families in Canada. * Promote the successful integration of immigrants into Canadian society, recognizing that integration involves mutual obligations for new immigrants and Canadian society

Answer 41

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Answer 42

Canada's parents are having less and less children, but Canada needs labor to have a successful economy. Therefore, they accept immigrants based on the points system to achieve this

Answer 43

A bunch of criteria that has points assigned to add up whether an immigrant is suitable for Canada, such as work experience, education, etc.

Answer 44

A person may be refused entry to Canada if: * Their health could put the health of Canadians at risk — for example, they have tuberculosis. * They have a condition that could endanger public safety — for example, a mental disorder. * Their health could put an “excessive demand on Canada’s health services — for example, HIV/AIDS.

Answer 45

Much less discriminatory

Answer 46

Objectives for Canada’s refugee program: * Save lives and offer protection to people who are displaced and persecuted. * Fulfill and affirm Canada’s international commitments to protect refugees. * Grant fair consideration to people who claim to be persecuted, as an expression of Canada’s humanitarian ideals. * Offer refuge to people facing persecution because of race, religion, political opinion or membership in a social group, and to people who face torture, or cruel and unusual treatment or punishment.

Answer 47

Immigration Act 1976 19. No person shall be granted admission who is a member of any of the following classes: * persons who have engaged in… acts of espionage or subversion against democratic government, institutions or processes, as they are understood in Canada… * persons who there are reasonable grounds to believe will, while in Canada, engage in or instigate the subversion by force of any government… 9/11 happened Immigration and Refugee Protection Act, 2002 34. A permanent resident or a foreign national is inadmissible on security grounds for: (a) engaging in an act of espionage or an act of subversion against a democratic government, institution or process as they are understood in Canada; (b) engaging in or instigating the subversion by force of any government; (c) engaging in terrorism; (d) being a danger to the security of Canada; (e) engaging in acts of violence that would or might endanger the lives or safety of persons in Canada; or (f) being a member of an organization that there are reasonable grounds to believe engages, has engaged or will engage in acts referred to in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

Answer 48

The Facts * Satnam Singh came to Canada from India seeking refugee status. Canada’s government rejected his case under the Immigration Act, 1976. * The Immigration Act, 1976, did not allow Mr. Singh to state his case in person or to appeal the government’s decision on his case. * The Supreme Court said this violated section 7 of the Charter of Rights and Freedoms, which says: Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice. * The Supreme Court said everyone in the Charter means everyone — every person physically present in Canada. The Result * People claiming refugee status in Canada have the right to a hearing, which they attend in person. * Canada established the Immigration and Refugee Board to provide quick and fair hearings. * Canada’s government provides people seeking refugee status with the necessities of life while they wait for a hearing.

Answer 49

THEM JUST COMPLAINING AND NOT WORKING TO ACTUALLY GET A JOB however it is true that they have less opportunities due to their isolation

Answer 50

In 2006, Canada established a five-year plan to help Francophone communities in minority settings attract French-speaking immigrants. This was a huge challenge before.

Answer 51

Provincial Nomination Program * Under the Provincial Nomination Program, provinces can “nominate” a percentage of the immigrants Canada selects each year. This means, for example, that Alberta can specify that it needs immigrants with particular skills. * The program also allows some provinces to set up their own immigration offices in foreign countries. * Governments in Canada can’t require immigrants to settle in particular places or work in particular jobs. The Provincial Nomination Program increases the likelihood that immigrants will settle in the provinces whose labor needs match their skills.

Answer 52

THEM MIN WAGE

Answer 53

* The Canada-Québec Accord is a specific agreement with Québec. * Under the accord, Québec can nominate the percentage of immigrants to Canada that corresponds to its population within Canada. * The accord also allows Québec to require immigrants who settle in Québec to send their children to French-language schools. * Under the Canada-Québec Accord, Québec seeks immigrants whose first language is French. Every year, about 75 percent of French-speaking immigrants to Canada settle in Québec. Overall, more non-Francophone immigrants settle in Québec than Francophone immigrants.

Answer 54

Your Presentation You need to examine the underlying values that guide economic decision making in Canada and the U.S., and views and perspectives on the best economic system to meet the needs of citizens. Your paper should: * Analyze the benefits and disadvantages of mixed and market economies in Canada and the U.S., including different views and perspectives. * Describe your ideas on how much government should be involved in economic decision making and why. * State your position on the question, supported by evidence that makes clear connections to views and perspectives. * Communicate your ideas persuasively taking particular purposes and audiences into consideration, including the Minister of Finance.

Answer 55

In economics, the idea that resources are limited but wants are not is called scarcity. The basic questions of economics are about how to solve scarcity: * What is needed or wanted? * How will it be produced? * Who will get it?

Answer 56

Land Land consists of all the materials found in the natural environment needed to produce goods and services, such as renewable resources (e.g., trees, raspberries) and non-renewable resources (e.g., oil, gold). Labor Labor consists of the physical and mental effort needed to produce goods and services (e.g., agricultural workers to produce foods, servers to staff restaurants). Capital Consists of the money that people own or borrow, used to purchase equipment, tools and other resources to produce goods and services.

Answer 57

An economic system is a way to solve the basic problem of scarcity 3 types: See image 8

Answer 58

Canada’s Economy Founding principle: “peace, order and good government.” * The founding principle of Canada reflects the idea of cooperation. It connects to an agreement between Francophones and Anglophones that established Canada * The idea of cooperation affects Canada’s economic system. For example, government plays an important role in the economy, making decisions on behalf of everyone. * Canada is said to have a mixed economy because of the role government plays, and because individuals still own private property. * Canada’s position on the economic continuum is not static. It shifts left and shifts right depending on the political party that forms the government. The U.S. Economy Founding principle: “life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness.” * The founding principle of the U.S. reflects the idea of individualism. It connects to the roots of the U.S. as a colony of Britain from the 1600s until 1776, and in fighting to become independent of Britain from 1776 to 1783. * The idea of individualism influences the economic system of the U.S. For example, the U.S. generally values individual economic decision making, with little involvement of the government. * The U.S. is often said to have a market economy, because of its emphasis on the role of the individual, versus the government, in economic decision making. * The position of the U.S. on the economic continuum shifts right and left, depending on the political party that forms the government.

Answer 59

Competition is about producers striving to get consumers to buy their products.

Answer 60

Supply is about producing things people want. It involves producers. Demand is about what people want. It involves consumers. When demand goes up, supply goes down, price goes up. When price goes up, demand goes down, supply goes up When supply goes up, price goes down, demand goes up REPEAT or EQUILIBRIUM

Answer 61

A Crown corporation is a company owned by Canada’s government to provide products and services to Canadians. The reasons for government to create Crown corporations include: * To provide essential services. * To promote economic development. * To support Canadian culture and identity

Answer 62

Purely supply and demand

Answer 63

A monopoly happens when one producer controls all supply of a product or service. Governments sometimes create monopolies as a way to provide essential services that require expensive infrastructure, such as water lines or sewer lines.

Answer 64

Encourage recycling(tire tax), stop unfair business practices, etc.

Answer 65

Sometimes, governments will give grants to private companies to promote important things like the environment, culture, etc. Crown corporations, such as Telefilm Canada, will help sponsor filmmakers to promote the things. Issue stems from some people believing that government grants will only help increase mediocre movies and not promote filmmakers to make the best film for society

Answer 66

When the Hershey's plant in Smith Falls, Ontario closed, the town nearly immediately got destroyed due to the massive loss of jobs and tourism. Issue stems on whether government intervention is necessary

Answer 67

When healthcare workers at a Regina hospital went on strike, many surgeries were delayed. Issue stems from whether back-to-work legislation has to be put in place. For example, in the Winnipeg general strike, the police had to come in fear of the power of unions

Answer 68

Create a media message communicating how marketing affects consumer behaviour.

Answer 69

* How will your identity — who you are, what you believe in and value, where you live, the groups you belong to, your way of seeing the world — come into play? * How much will you consider your health? Safety? Security? * How does choosing a product affect the jobs people have? * How important to you are the environmental impacts of products and services? * How will marketing affect what you buy? * Do you really need to buy anything at all?

Answer 70

The idea of conformity is very powerful and can pressure people to buy brand names. However, it is the opposite in others and can have some people want to stand out and buy different things

Answer 71

Obvious. Textbook ex: Edmonton banning sale of junk food in schools Textbook ex: Calgary banning trans fats in everything

Answer 72

Consumer health and safety is the focus of legislation in both Canada and the U.S. — or the focus of debates about it. For example: * Both Canada and the U.S. have product-labelling laws that require producers to list the ingredients in food and cosmetics. * The U.S. has laws making airbags mandatory in cars, along with seat belts. In 2007, Canada’s laws made only seat belts mandatory. * In 2007, neither Canada nor the U.S. had legislation to limit trans fats in foods. Canada had considered it, however. In 2004, Canada’s government established a task force to investigate the issue, but decided to ask food companies to reduce trans fats voluntarily.

Answer 73

Consumer spending plays an important role in both mixed and market economies. For example, in Canada in 2006, consumers spent more than $400 billion on products and services. In the U.S., consumer spending accounts for 70 percent of economic activity. Consumer spending affects economic growth in Canada and the U.S. Economic growth is the degree to which a country’s wealth increases over a period of time, usually a year. Measures of economic growth include: * How much profit a country’s economy makes from the goods and services it produces. * How many people have jobs and are making an income. If profits fall, or fewer people have jobs, this indicates that an economy is shrinking rather than growing. In both Canada and the U.S., governments watch consumer spending closely. Through tax breaks and other measures, they sometimes encourage consumer spending to keep their economies growing.

Answer 74

When buying a product, you keep the people making your product employed

Answer 75

The environment is affected when you buy something due to its future effects

Answer 76

Canada and the U.S. have laws and programs related to consumer behaviour and the environment. For example: * Both governments have banned leaded gasoline, because of the harmful effects of lead on human health and the environment. * Consumers shopping for new appliances in both Canada and the U.S. can identify energy-efficient options because of government programs that label these appliances. In both Canada and the U.S., producers and consumers have also taken environmental action on their own. Many green products on the market today — such as organic foods and environmentally friendly household cleaners — don’t come from legislation. They come from consumer demand.

Answer 77

Obviously if you see ads, you might be more inclined to buy something

Answer 78

Bandwagon Effect * Encourages you to buy a product or service because everyone else is. Emotional Appeal * Uses strong emotional language that connects with your fears and desires. Glittering Generalities * Relates the product or service to words or images that promise everything, but deliver little or nothing. Plain Folks Appeal * Relates a product or service to the experience of ordinary folks. Testimonials * Uses celebrities or experts to speak for a product. Scientific Appeal * Uses statistics or scientific data to persuade consumers to buy a product or service.

Answer 79

Different regions have different GDP per capita, therefore financial restrictions affecting views on consumerism

Answer 80

Boycotts exist to run things out of business if they cause too much trouble

Answer 81

Les patriotes, the French Canadiens who were living in Lower Canada, boycotted British goods as a way to bring about change. Lubicon First Nation also boycotted as a way to get a large lumber company off of their land

Answer 82

Design an economic policy for social programs in Canada.

Answer 83

Social programs are services provided by government and paid for by taxes. They aim to reduce economic inequalities in society and promote the well-being of all citizens. The big 3 are senior pensions, income assistance and public health care. The others are education, affordable housing, child protection services, employment insurance, and child care

Answer 84

See image 9

Answer 85

The Canada Health Act is a federal law that sets out five principles for health care in Canada. The act says that, in every province and territory, health care must be: * Publicly administered: run by government for no profit. * Comprehensive: for care provided by hospitals, physicians and surgeons. * Universal: available to everyone. * Portable: available everywhere in Canada, no matter where you make your home in Canada. * Accessible: available within reasonable time and distance.

Answer 86

See image 10

Answer 87

Big issue based on ethics, good health care, and problems with existing systems (See images 17, 18)

Answer 88

* Government collects taxes to pay for the services it provides to citizens, such as social programs. * In Canada, both the federal and provincial governments collect taxes. The federal government transfers some of the taxes it collects to the provinces. For social programs, these transfers include the Canada Health Transfer and the Canada Social Transfer. * Individual Canadian citizens pay two kinds of tax to the federal government and to their provincial government: income tax and sales tax. * Income tax is based on what you earn: the more money you earn, the more tax you pay. * Sales taxes are based on what you spend on products and services: the more you spend, the more tax you pay. The federal Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a sales tax that everybody in Canada pays.

Answer 89

See image 11

Answer 90

A taxation model is a policy about taxation that describes what to tax, how much to tax and how to spend taxes.

Answer 91

A section of our economy that works without paying taxes. Some people think this isn't too bad, while others and the government strictly forbid it

Answer 92

* A political platform describes the official policies of a political party. It reflects a variety of issues, including those linked to social programs and taxation models. * Political parties create platforms to reflect the values of their members. Parties also consult constituents in electoral ridings to learn more about issues that concern voters. * Parties add and remove policies as issues become more or less important to their members and to voters. Issues can change in response to local, national and world events.

Answer 93

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Answer 94

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Answer 95

✓ Resident of Canada. ✓ At least 14 years old. ✓ Endorse the principles of the party. ✓ Not a member of any other political party. For example, if you are joining a federal political party, you cannot be a member of another federal political party (most parties require this). It’s possible, however, to be a member of both a federal political party and a provincial political party

Answer 96

✓ Have the endorsement of at least 250 eligible voters in Canada. ✓ Have a name. ✓ Run at least one candidate during a federal election.

Answer 97

Make a presentation about responding to environmental issues.

Answer 98

Any case of humans harming the natural world

Answer 99

See image 1

Answer 100

If the world would cease to exist, that would be a very big problem.

Answer 101

* Climate change refers to a rise in the average temperature of Earth due to a build-up of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere. An international panel of scientists — the United Nations’ Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change — predicts that climate change will have extensive and mostly negative impacts around the globe. These impacts include rising sea levels, more severe weather, and disruption of ecosystems and freshwater supplies. * GHGs primarily come from burning fossil fuels, such as natural gas, gasoline, coal and oil. Most economies in the world rely on fossil fuels to produce resources, such as metals and foods, and to manufacture and transport goods and services. Individual consumers also use fossil fuels — for example, to heat their homes and drive their cars. * GHGs in the atmosphere affect the whole world. A region or country that emits more GHGs will not experience “worse” global warming. Different regions, however, will experience different impacts. For example, low-lying land — such as New Orleans, and the country of Bangladesh — face severe impacts from rising sea levels.

Answer 102

* Decline in abundance of fresh water (lakes and rivers). * Loss of wildlife species overall. Some species will adapt to warmer temperatures. * More extreme weather events, such as storms and droughts. * Longer growing seasons, possibly resulting in higher crop yields and increased forest growth in some regions. * Flooding along coastlines.

Answer 103

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Answer 104

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Answer 105

* Political and economic decision making helps shape the industries and plants that Alberta and Ontario have. For example: * Laws and policies set standards for pollution control, including GHG emissions. * Demand for energy and for products influences the number of industrial plants in operation. * Reducing GHG emissions from industry is one way to respond to climate change — a way many governments and people around the world recommend.

Answer 106

* The U.S. has faced pressure from countries around the world to reduce its GHG emissions. In 2007, the U.S. had not agreed to join international negotiations or agreements concerning climate change, such as the Kyoto Protocol. * International negotiations on climate change focus on reducing the GHG emissions of developed countries, such as the U.S. and Canada. Developing countries, such as Mexico, do not face the same GHG restrictions. This is because GHG restrictions can slow the economy of a country, which goes against the needs and interests of developing countries. It is also because developed countries have a higher GHG output than developing countries — so they contribute more to climate change. * The U.S. took a stand against international negotiations on climate change partly because President George W. Bush did not believe human actions were causing climate change. President Bush also believed that international agreements on climate change should not exempt developing countries from taking action. * In 2008, in the State of the Union address, President George Bush said the U.S. would take action on its own to reduce its GHG emissions, without entering into international agreements. He also said actions on climate change had to respect the American belief in “the power of individuals” and in the “ability of free peoples to make wise decisions.”

Answer 107

Climate change involves the whole world — so it involves countries of the world in negotiations about how to take action. Canada and the U.S. are part of these negotiations. The Kyoto Protocol was the first climate-change plan the countries of the world negotiated. The U.S. did not agree to the plan. Canada at first agreed, but its position has changed depending on the political party in power. * In December 2007, an international meeting in Bali, Indonesia, launched new international negotiations on an agreement to fight climate change after 2012, when the Kyoto Protocol expires. Canada and the U.S. agreed to take part in these negotiations.

Answer 108

A Grade 12 student and a friend installed solar panels into their school and raised awareness on the announcements, school newsletter, and all around the community while fundraising for the panels

Answer 109

Environment or Economy?

Answer 110

Educate the public, notify organizations, hear all sides of the story and find levers to make yourself heard

Answer 111

Ways to apply pressure and get people to act, including markets, laws and international agreements

Big ideas Flashcards

(138 cards)