Big To Small

Question 1

Levels of organisation?

Answer 1

Organelles, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organism

Question 2

Examples of each level of organisation?

Answer 2

• Nucleus, red blood cell, muscle tissue, heart, cardiovascular system
• Nucleus, neurons, nerves, brain, nervous system

Question 3

What makes up tissues?

Answer 3

Cells with similar functions that are grouped together to form a tissue.

Question 4

What makes up organs?

Answer 4

Several tissues that carry out the same function

Question 5

What makes up organ systems?

Answer 5

Organs group with other organs to perform specific functions.

Question 6

Equation for magnification?

Answer 6

Magnification = image size / actual size

Question 7

Steps to calculate magnification? ( given the actual size)

Answer 7

1) measure image size with ruler in mm
2) convert mm to micrometers ( x 1000)
3) divide by actual size

Question 8

Millimetres -> micrometers?
Micrometers -> millimetres?

Answer 8

X1000
/ 1000

Question 9

Micrometers -> nanometres?
Nanometres -> micrometers?

Answer 9

X1000
/ 1000

Question 10

Rules for biological drawings?

Answer 10

• only draw 2-3 cells
• title : biological drawing of …..
• magnification
• draw what you see

Question 11

What do animal cells have?

Answer 11

Nucleus, cell membrane, mitochondria, cytoplasm

Question 12

What do plant cells have?

Answer 12

Cytoplasm, nucleus, cell membrane, cell wall, mitochondria, vacuole, chloroplast

Question 13

Function of nucleus

Answer 13

Largest organelle. Controls activities in the cell. Contains chromosomes which stay in the organelle.

Question 14

Function of cell membrane

Answer 14

barrier between cytoplasm and outside of cells. Partially permeable - allows some molecule in but not others.

Question 15

Function of mitochondria

Answer 15

Site or aerobic respiration, releases energy

Question 16

Functions of chloroplast

Answer 16

Site of photosynthesis.

Question 17

7 components of a balanced diet

Answer 17

Carbs, lipids, protiens, minerals, vitamins, fibre, water

Question 18

Elements, smaller sub unit, examples of carbohydrate?

Answer 18

• Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
• Glucose
• Glucose (monosaccharides), sucrose + lactose (disaccharides), starch + glycogen ( polysaccharides)

Question 19

Elements, smaller sub unit and examples of protein?

Answer 19

• carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen + other elements ( sometimes sulfur)
• Amino acids
• collagen, enzymes, haemoglobin

Question 20

Elements, smallest sub unit of lipids?

Answer 20

• Carbon, hydrogen + oxygen
• fatty acids + glycerol

Question 21

Food test for glucose

Answer 21

Food + Benedict’s reagent
Heat in water bath
Blue - negative, green - some sugars, orange/yellow - more sugars, brick red - positive (lots)

Question 22

Food test for starch

Answer 22

Food + iodine on spotting tile
Positive - bluey black

Question 23

Food test for Proteins

Answer 23

Food + Biurets reagent
Positive - purple/ lilac

Question 24

Food test for lipids

Answer 24

Food + ethanol
Shake
Water
Shake
Positive - cloudy white/ milky emulsion

Question 25

Function of a vacuole

Answer 25

Stores water, holds cell shape, contains waste products + minerals + nutrients

Question 26

What are enzymes

Answer 26

Biological catalysts Made of protiens Reduce amount of activation energy needed for reaction to occur

Question 27

Explain how enzymes work

Answer 27

Enzymes are specific to a substrate Active site is complimentary to substrate Optimum 37 degrees c Over 40 degrees c - enzyme denatures - active site is no longer complimentary

Question 28

carbohydrases enzymes

Answer 28

Amylase - starch -> maltose Maltase - maltose -> glucose

Question 29

Example of proteases enzymes and what they break down?

Answer 29

Pepsin - proteins -> peptides Trypsin - proteins -> peptides Peptidases - peptide -> amino acids

Question 30

Examples of lipases enzyme and what the break down?

Answer 30

Lipase - lipids -> fatty acids and glycerol

Question 31

Structure of DNA

Answer 31

- nucleus - long strands -> chromosomes - 2 poly nucleotide strands -> double helix shape - 4 bases - adenine + thymine, guanine + cytosine - a + t -> 2 hydrogen bonds - c + g -> 3 hydrogen bonds - dna monomer -> made of nucleotide monomers has the base and sugar- phosphate makes up its backbone. - made of amino acids

Question 32

Complimentary base pairs in DNA

Answer 32

Adenine + thymine ( 2 hydrogen bonds) Cytosine + guanine ( 3 hydrogen bonds)

Question 33

Difference between gene and genome?

Answer 33

Genome - all DNA in an organism - contains genes Gene - segment of DNA - contain specific sequence which leads to specific traits - get passed down

Question 34

location and how it is specialised - palisade cell

Answer 34

- plant stem - transparent with chloroplasts for light absorption

Question 35

location + how it is specialised - RBC

Answer 35

- blood - biconcave shape increases SA:V ratio for oxygen absorption - no nucleus so more haemoglobin can be held - lots of haemoglobin - carry more oxygen

Question 36

Characteristics of prokaryotes ( bacteria)

Answer 36

- Single celled ( extremely small) - no membrane bound organelles eg. Mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts - cell wall and cell membrane, can have flagella - genetic material (nucleus) in cytoplasm -arranged in single circular chromosome

Question 37

Characteristics of an animal kingdom

Answer 37

- Multicellular - no chloroplasts or cell wall - stores carbs as glycogen - has nervous system - eats other organisms for food

Question 38

Characteristics of plant kingdom

Answer 38

-multicellular - make own foods -> photosynthesis -chloroplasts + cellulose cell wall - stores carbohydrates as starch or sucrose

Question 39

Characteristics of fungi

Answer 39

- Many are multicellular - consists of threads of hyphae - whole structure is mycelium -feeds by saprotrophs nutrition - no chloroplasts - chitin cell wall -some have more than one nucleus - stores carbs as glycogen

Question 40

Characteristics of protoctista (dustbin kingdom)

Answer 40

- single celled - some photosynthesise -can have chloroplasts + cell wall + flagella - lots of variation

Question 41

Which kingdoms are eukaryotic?

Answer 41

Plants, fungi, animal, protocitsa Cells contain membrane bound organelles - eg. mitochondria, nucleus, chloroplasts

Question 42

What are viruses?

Answer 42

-Parasites -> cant reproduce by themselves -Not classed as living - dont respire, excrete, feed, move, grow or respond to surrounding - only reproduce parasitically - very small - can affect any cell