BIIOB 170 Final exam sudy guide AI cards

Question 1

What is the most important material for exam preparation in BIOB 170?

Answer 1

The set of lecture slides.

Question 2

What is the primary source of exam questions for BIOB 170?

Answer 2

Lecture material.

Question 3

What are choanoflagellates and their relationship to animals?

Answer 3

They are members of Opisthokonts and are closely related to animals.

Question 4

What synapomorphies define fungi?

Answer 4

Cell walls made of chitin, absorptive nutrition, and multicellular structures.

Question 5

When did fungi first evolve?

Answer 5

About 1 billion years ago.

Question 6

What are the terms used for fungal growth forms?

Answer 6

• Hyphae
• Mycelium
• Yeasts

Question 7

What is the dikaryon life history stage in fungi?

Answer 7

A stage where two nuclei coexist in a single cell.

Question 8

How does fertilization in fungi differ from humans?

Answer 8

Fungi often involve a dikaryotic stage before karyogamy.

Question 9

What roles do fungi play in the global carbon cycle?

Answer 9

Decomposition and nutrient cycling.

Question 10

What is a lichen?

Answer 10

A symbiotic association between fungi and photosynthetic organisms.

Question 11

When did lichens evolve?

Answer 11

About 400 million years ago.

Question 12

How are the components of a lichen arranged?

Answer 12

• Fungal partner (mycobiont)
• Photosynthetic partner (photobiont)

Question 13

What are the three main growth forms of lichens?

Answer 13

• Crustose
• Foliose
• Fruticose

Question 14

What are some ecological roles of lichens?

Answer 14

• Soil formation
• Nutrient cycling
• Habitat for organisms

Question 15

How common are mycorrhizal associations?

Answer 15

They are very common in terrestrial ecosystems.

Question 16

What are the different kinds of mycorrhizal associations?

Answer 16

• Ectomycorrhizae
• Endomycorrhizae

Question 17

What do plants and fungi get from mycorrhizal associations?

Answer 17

• Plants receive nutrients and water
• Fungi receive carbohydrates

Question 18

What are common mycorrhizal networks?

Answer 18

Networks formed by mycorrhizal fungi connecting multiple plants.

Question 19

When and where did animals first arise?

Answer 19

About 600 million years ago in marine environments.

Question 20

What are two hypotheses for the identity of the earliest modern animals?

Answer 20

• Sponges
• Cnidarians (currently more supported)

Question 21

What is the general sponge body plan?

Answer 21

A porous body with a central cavity (spongocoel) and choanocytes.

Question 22

What is the difference between a diploblastic and triploblastic embryo?

Answer 22

Diploblastic embryos have two germ layers; triploblastic embryos have three.

Question 23

Which major groups of animals lack a nervous system?

Answer 23

• Sponges
• Cnidarians

Question 24

What are corals?

Answer 24

Marine invertebrates that form colonies and have symbiotic relationships with zooxanthellae.

Question 25

What is the ecological importance of corals?

Answer 25

They provide habitat and promote biodiversity.

Question 26

What are the characteristics that define lophotrochozoans?

Answer 26

* Trochophore larvae * Lophophore feeding structure

Question 27

What are the similarities between protostomes and deuterostomes?

Answer 27

Both are bilaterally symmetrical and have a coelom.

Question 28

What is an arthropod?

Answer 28

A member of the phylum Arthropoda, characterized by an exoskeleton and jointed limbs.

Question 29

What are the traits shared by arthropods?

Answer 29

* Segmented bodies * Exoskeleton * Jointed appendages

Question 30

What are the main groups of arthropods?

Answer 30

* Insects * Arachnids * Crustaceans * Myriapods

Question 31

What is an insect?

Answer 31

A class of arthropods with three body segments and six legs.

Question 32

What is the 'Red Queen Hypothesis'?

Answer 32

It suggests that species must constantly adapt to survive against co-evolving threats.

Question 33

What are some ways caterpillars minimize their risk of being eaten?

Answer 33

* Camouflage * Chemical defenses * Mimicry

Question 34

What are the characteristics of Echinoderms?

Answer 34

* Radial symmetry * Water vascular system * Calcareous endoskeleton

Question 35

What are the main groups of Chordates?

Answer 35

* Cephalochordates * Urochordates * Vertebrates

Question 36

What innovations enabled tetrapods to be less tied to aquatic habitats?

Answer 36

* Lungs * Limbs adapted for land movement

Question 37

What is the evolutionary origin of birds?

Answer 37

Birds evolved from theropod dinosaurs.

Question 38

What are the three groups of mammals?

Answer 38

* Monotremes * Marsupials * Eutherians

Question 39

How do protected areas work for conserving biodiversity?

Answer 39

They provide habitat and reduce human impact.

Question 40

Why is connectivity between protected areas important for conservation?

Answer 40

It allows for wildlife movement and genetic exchange.

Question 41

What is the role of Hox regulatory proteins in tetrapod limb development?

Answer 41

They control the layout and identity of limb structures.

Question 42

What traits might modern humans have inherited from Neanderthals?

Answer 42

Traits related to skin color, immune response, and possibly behavior.