bilkey Flashcards
(289 cards)
1
Q
telencephalon + diencephalon
A
forebrain
2
Q
mesencephalon
A
midbrain
3
Q
metencephalon + myelencephalon
A
hindbrain
4
Q
most highly developed anterior part of forebrain consisting of cerebral cortexes
A
telencephalon
5
Q
central part of brain located around 3rd ventricle, superior to brainstem, inferior to corpus callosum
A
diencephalon
6
Q
consists of hypothalamus and thalamus
A
diencephalon
7
Q
most rostral part of brainstem sitting above pons, rostrally join to thalamus
A
mesencephalon
8
Q
embryonic part of hindbrain that differentiates the pons and the cerebellum
A
metencephalon
9
Q
develops into spinal cord so contains all the sensory and motor paths
A
myelencephalon
10
Q
1st layer of neocortex
A
axons, dendrites, few cell bodies
11
Q
2nd layer of neocortex
A
densely packed stellate cells, few small pyramidal cells
12
Q
3rd layer of neocortex
A
loosely packed stellate cells, intermediate sized pyramidal cells
13
Q
4th layer of neocortex
A
bands of densely packed stellate cells; no pyramidal cells
14
Q
5th layer of neocortex
A
few loosely packed stellate cells, very large pyramidal cells
15
Q
6th layer of neocortex
A
loosely packed stellate cells, pyramidal cells of various sizes
16
Q
white matter composition
A
myelinated pyramidal cell axons, few cell bodies
17
Q
outside of cell
A
positive charge, Na+ and Cl-
18
Q
inside of cell
A
negative charge, K+ and A- proteins
19
Q
hodgkin - huxley cycle
A
synaptic potential -> depolarisation -> opening of channels -> flow of Na –> depolarisation
20
Q
disease of demyelination
A
multiple sclerosis
21
Q
scotopic
A
rods
22
Q
poorer acuity achromatic vision
A
rods
23
Q
phototopic
A
cones
24
Q
high acuity colour vision
A
cones
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periphery more dense in cones or rods
rods
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fovea more dense in cones or rods
cones
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damage to rods and cones
could not tell what an object was in front of them but could identify night and day
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back layer of eye, converts light into electric signals
retina
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layers of retina
receptor cells -> bipolar cells --> ganglion cells --> optic nerve fibre
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what shows more of a smile on the mona lisa
lower spatial / lower frequency
31
transmits electrical impulses from your eyes to your brain
optic nerve
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intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGC)
utilize the photopigment melanopsin which is maximally sensitive to blue light
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ipRGC connect through to what
superchiasmatic nucleus
34
phenomenon in which a neurons response to a stimuli is inhibited by the excitation of a neighbouring neuron
lateral inhibition
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where is lateral inhibition observed
retina and LGN
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when two systems are competing with eachother
opponent processes
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mach bands
dark line on the left and bright line on the right due to flow of inhibition across retina
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opponent colours
blue / yellow + red / green
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deuteranomaly
weak in green
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protanopia
no red
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approach-avoidance conflict
arises from competition between the drive to pursue reward and avoid harm
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respond best to elongated bars or edges, orientation selective, have on or off subregions and monocular or binocular
simple cell response
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are orientation selective, spatially homogeneous receptive fields (no on/off), nearly all binocular
complex cell response
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retinal ganglion cells --> lateral geniculate nucleus
--> simple cells -> complex cells
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electrode entering perpendicular
all columns same receptive field
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electrode entering parallel
position of receptive fields of neurons at the tip shifts systematically
47
an ordered representation of the sensory environment where spatially adjacent surfaces are represented in adjacent positions in the brain
topographic organisation
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human hearing range
20-20,000Hz
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advantage of topographic/tonotopic representation
reduces axon volume
50
responsible for transduction of sound-evoked mechanical vibrations into electrical signals
hair cells
51
where are hair cells found
cochlea
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what sits on top of hair cells
tectorial membrane
53
cell hairs moving back and forth, what kind of movement
mechanical
54
what happens in the cochlea
sound waves are transduced into electrical impulses
55
lower frequencies activate where in cochlea
down near the apex
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higher frequencies activate where in cochlea
higher closer to base
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tonotopic organisation
cells responsive to different frequencies along different parts of the central auditory system
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scene analysis
(tonotopic organisation) frequency separation relates to objects in the environment
59
detection of beat promotes what
social cohesion
60
most connectivity into auditory cortex
top-down processing
61
using information from higher-level mental processes and prior experiences
top-down processing
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processing that begins with the sense receptors
bottom up
63
the McGurk effect
visual systems interrupting the auditory system (mouth ma vs. ba)
64
topographic organisation
visual system
65
ability to remember the order of events as they occurred in time
sequence memory
66
cells that code a particular length of time
time cells
67
scalar expectancy theory
theory that perception can be altered by changes in neural system activity
68
pace maker increases
perception of time slows down
69
during saccade visual system?
suppresses input
70
upon fixation
nervous system fills in gap retrospectively
71
flash lag illusion
a visual illusion where in a flash, a moving object that appear to be in same location are perceived to be displaced from one another
72
active state labile --> inactive state fixed
consolidation after reactivation however, reconsolidation
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inactive state fixed --> active state labile
reactivation
74
slower response to stress
release of cortisol
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fast reaction to stress
adrenaline
76
pathway that processes visual information for visual perception (from primary visual cortex to temporal lobe)
ventral stream
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pathway that processes visual information for purpose fo executing movement
dorsal stream
78
encoding a representation so it is identified regardless of size, orientation, colour
invariance
79
different cells respond differently to features and conjunctions of features
grandma cells
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a grandmother cell mechanism provides excellent discrimination between objects
local encoding
81
requires separation of representations, sparse encoding, pattern separation
local encoding
82
issues with local coding
susceptible to damage, requires large number of units
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allows for generalisation, pattern completion and generalisation, requires overlap between representations, distributed representation
dense coding
84
can still identify object despite only having seen it in another context
generalisation
85
can't see all of object but can still identify it
completion
86
can distinguish different objects within one setting
separation
87
V4
colour perception
88
V5
motion detection - akinetopsia
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looming
objects closer to you appear to move faster than those further away
90
visual illusions
no sensory change, yet perception change
91
visual illusions example of what
temporal binding
92
hallucinations
positive symptom of schizophrenia
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motivation, apathy
negative symptom of schizophrenia
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deficits in memory, thinking
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
95
what is reduced in schizophrenia in the brain
activity and size of frontal cortex and medial temporal lobes
96
what is decreased in brain in schizophrenia
activity GABAergic, inhibitory systems and at the NMDA subtype of glutamate receptor
97
season of birth prone to schizophrenia
spring
98
decreased activity GABAergic
a inhibitory system
99
evidence for reduced __ band energy for those with schizophrenia
gamma
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what should be seen if brain is good during an ASSR
an oscillation in the EEG
101
who somewhat invested cell assembly biopsychology
donald hebb
102
associated with short term memory
reverberated activity
103
reverberating activity
reverberating neural activity in closed-loop circuitry
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associated with long term memory
synapse strength
105
artificial stimulation to strengthen synapse
long term potentiation
106
how does LTP work
causes a depolarisation in membrane leading to unblocking of ion channels
107
long term depression
when not firing regularly, synapses are weakened
108
LTP induction depends on what
activation of the NMDA receptor
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what does morris water maze test
long term memory
110
NMDA antagonist effect on LTP and memory
blocks LTP and prevents memory formation
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what leads to LTP like changes
learning
112
what does reversal of LTP produce
forgetting
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what does blocking of LTP do
prevents memory formation
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what does producing LTP do
create false memories/masks existing memories
115
ability of synapse to keep strength overtime depends on
PKM
116
Zeta inhibitory peptide PKMZ used to what
interfere with the maintenance of acquired memories
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karl lashley
stated memory is distributed throughout the cortex
118
principle of mass action
proportion of damaged brain, directly proportional to the decreased ability in memory function
119
surgery HM underwent
removal of temporal pole, hippocampus and adjacent cortex
120
HM post op
anterograde amnesia, retrograde amnesia 2 years prior, intact short term and remote memory, IQ improved
121
what does HM show
hippocampus is involved in memory consolidation
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declarative memory
explicit + factual
123
procedural memory
implicit + skills
124
implicit memory
information you remember unconsciously and effortlessly
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explicit memory
information you have to consciously work to remember
126
type of memory involved in recall of events and details
explicit
127
rhinal cortex location
medial temporal lobe
128
detects unknown items as novel by high processing demands and encodes them into memory OR detects known items as familiar by lower processing demands and encodes them less vigoursly
rhinal cortex function
129
patient RB
ischemic episode post heart surgery led to anterograde amnesia + minor retrograde amensia
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what does patient RBs scans show
compressed hippocampus
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a condition where blood flow (thus oxygen) is reduced or restricted in a part of the body
ischemia
132
rey-osterreith figure
patients copy diagram then later have to draw again without having copy in front
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what did patient NA damage
the mediodorsal thalamus and mammillary bodies
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what did patient NA get as result
diencephalic amnesia, anterograde amnesia for both verbal and visual material
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diencephalic amnesia
disorientation of time
136
wernicke-korsakoff syndrome
damage to dorsomedial nucleus of thalamus + mamillary bodies from lack of thiamine (vitamin B1)
137
egocentric space
depends on our own position and point of view in frame
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allocentric space
relies on remembering, recalling and recognising environmental stimuli like landmarks
139
bus drivers egocentric or allocentric
egocentric due to their set route
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taxi drivers allocentric or egocentric
allocentric, they go all over
141
hippocampal size in bus drivers
bigger than the taxi
142
hippocampal size in taxi driver
increase in posterior, decrease in anterior
143
place cells
triggered in response to animal entering certain locations within its environment (place field)
144
term used when a person experiences a gradual loss of brain function due to physical changes in the structure of their brain
dementia
145
brain changes in alzheimers
extreme shrinkage of temporal lobe, hippocampus and enlarged ventricles
146
phonemic and semantic verbal fluency
test used to diagnose alzheimers
147
gradual build up and accumulation of protein fragment between neurons
amyloid plaques
148
breakdown of tau molecules
neurofibrillary tangles
149
what does not map well onto symptoms of AD
amyloid plaques
150
what maps well onto symptoms of AD
neurofibrillary tangles
151
acetylcholine production in AD
reduced
152
a treatment of AD
drugs that block cholinesterase
153
cholinesterase
breaks down acetylcholine
154
protein important in synaptic plasticity
amyloid precursor protein APP
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when APP is cut into segments which is produced
beta amyloid
156
beta amyloid in AD
overproduced
157
what helps prevent production of beta-amyloid
enzyme alpha cutting protein in middle
158
three variations of APOE gene
E2, E3, E4
159
APOE
produced by astrocytes and transports cholesterol to neurons - impairs beta amyloid clearance
160
increased synapse formation with elevated early endosomes by APOE4
leads to increased AB generation
161
what predicts a cognitive decline in APOE4 group
elevated levels of a marker for pericyte injury
162
AD effects on astrocytes (3)
reduced APOE level, cholesterol accumulation, impaired AB clearance
163
AD effects on neurons (3)
increased synapse formation, elevated early endosomes, increased AB generatio
164
AD effects on microglia-like cells (3)
immune-prone, reactive, impaired AB clearance
165
what does BBB allow for
protection and transport regulation of serum factors and neurotoxins
166
what does APOE4 association with tight junction cause
a disruption of tight junctions and the opening of BBB
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where is there an association of higher BBB permeability with APOE4 + tight junctions
hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus
168
what is the higher BBB permeability in hippocampus and parahippocampal gyrus independent of
amyloid and tau accumulation
169
longitudinal study of ageing alzheimers disease
nuns study
170
what did the nuns study show
high idea density associated with intact cognition in late life despite presence of AD lesions
171
the psychological processes that contribute to planning, controlling and regulating flow of information processing
cognitive control
172
4 key components of cognitive control
working memory, inhibitory control, set-shifting, abstract thought
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change immediate goals to be able to get round obstacles
set-shifting
174
denotes the appropriate usage of an object by a patient within an inappropriate situation
utilisation behviour
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what is the driving factor in utilisation behaviour
cues within the environment
176
what lesions would be unable to suppress utilization behaviour
unilateral or bilateral frontal lesions
177
where did phineas gage damage
ventromedial region of both frontal lobes but spared dorsolateral
178
lesions where impair working memory performance
prefrontal lesions
179
what was the delayed non-match to sample task testing
associative memory and working memory
180
what was the associative memory task in the delayed non-match to sample test
cue and response, delay, cue and response
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what was the working memory task in the delayed non-match to sample test
cue, delay, response
182
ability to learn and remember relationship between unrelated items
associative memory
183
what do delay cells do
keep the presentation of the cue stimulus active for a certain amount of time
184
the two periods within a delayed response task
delay period and cue period
185
N back task
requires participants to decide whether a stimulus appeared n items ago
186
what does the n-back task test
working (executive) memory
187
what did the added lures increase in the n-back task
activity of prefrontal
188
what does the tower of london task test
working and prefrontal memory
189
participants asked to preplan mentally a sequence of moves to match a start set of discs, executing one by one
tower of london task
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controlling the automatic urges by pausing and then using attention and reasoning to respond appropriately
inhibitory control
191
effect of prefrontal damage on wisconsin sorting task
will keep sorting how they had been doing it despite being wrong
192
what increases with the wisconsin card sorting task
dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
193
test for self control
mischels marshmallow test
194
synaptic development of dorsolateral prefrontal cortex activation
increases up to 20 and then gradually reduces
195
what does the go/no-go task test
inhibitory control
196
teenagers in go/no-go task
found it hard to not press go for smiley faces
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trail making task
A-1-B-2-C-3-D-4
198
what does the tail making task test
set shifting
199
what is associated with better TMT scores
increased PFC thickness
200
using concepts to make and understand generalisations, concepts are not tied directly to specific experiences
abstract thought
201
what tests test the abstract rules
wisconsin card sorting and the delay nonmatch sample task
202
what does the abstract rule imply
different responses can be evoked to same stimuli depending on goal and context
203
describe simple spatio-temporal links between objects e.g. red light means stop
concrete rules
204
WCST first block is example of what
concrete rules
205
WCST second block
abstract rules
206
where are rule responsive neurons found
pre frontal cortex
207
wheres the activation, with the more abstraction of a task
further forward, anterior
208
multiple errands test
given tasks and locations to carry out
209
what did multiple errands test show for those with PFC deficits
disorganisation - completed tasks ineffectively / insufficiently
210
what does the multiple errands test/show
effect fo executive function deficits on everyday activity
211
define a set of responses suitable for a particular task and biasing these for slection
dorsolateral PFC function
212
what does removal of PFC enhance
creativity
213
what test shows creativity increase in removal / lesions of PFC
matchstick - making roman numerals equal.
214
involves anodal and cathodal stimulation by placing wires onto head
transcranial direct-current stimulation
215
anodal
depolarises - causes fire
216
cathodal
hyperpolarises - ceases fire
217
what did anodal stimulation of left PFC do
increase appropriateness and decrease novelty
218
human brain compared to other species
high proportion fo neurons in cerebral cortex
219
central executive theory
little man in brain controlling functions and choosing what to do
220
homunculus
little man
221
how many systems of decision making
2
222
what system of decision making is slow + controlled, rule-based and rational in analytic nature
system 2
223
what system fo decision making is rapid, undemanding of experiential-affective nature and automatic
system 1
224
an individuals tendency to perceive a desired result in future as less valuable than one in present
temporal discounting
225
when does a reward have greater value in terms of temporal discounting
has greater value when presented sooner
226
exploit-explore trade-off
how long you should exploit a source before exploring another one
227
describes the behaviour that maximises the ratio of expected foraging time in a patchy environment
marginal value theorem
228
where does emotion processing in amygdala project to
ventromedial prefrontal cortex and anterior cingulate
229
kluver-busy syndrome
damage of amygdala / anterior temporal lobes
230
kluver-busy syndrome symptoms (4)
consumption of almost anything
increased sexual activity
investigates objects with the mouth
a lack of fear
231
vmPFC
related with decision making and anticipated pleasantness of future and past events
232
facilitate decision making by influencing potential responses via their affective value
somatic markers
233
damasios somatic marker hypothesis
use emotion to influence decisions
234
iowa gambling task
disadvantage deck of high risk, longterm loss
advantageous deck of low risk, longterm gain
235
play of iowa gambling task controls
once start loosing, move decks
236
what does iowa gambling task show
VMPC / amygdala damage disrupts emotional feedback
237
skin conductance response
indirect measure of sympathetic autonomic activity that is associated with both emotion and attention
238
SCR in healthy group
large SCR response in high risk deck compared to low
239
SCR in those with vmPFC and amygdala damage
no difference between high risk and low risk
240
alcohol on PFC
suppresses activity
241
stimulation theory
our ability to understand others is somewhat based on our ability to mimic their experience
242
where were mirror neurons first found
ventral premotor cortex
243
mirror neurons
modulate activity when a specific motor act is executed or similar act observed
244
has direct control over the movements of voluntary muscle
premotor cortex
245
faux pas test
used to understand anothers mental state - often autism
246
first element of faux pas test
detecting a faux pas - did anyone say something they shouldn't have said
247
second element of the faux pas test
understanding the faux pas - who said something they shouldn't have
248
third element of the faux pas test
understanding the recipients mental state - why should they not have said it
249
fourth element of the faux pas test
understanding the speakers mental state - why did he or she say it
250
5th element of faux pas test
details of story (control question)
251
3 parts of social connection
structural, functional, quality
252
social connection - structural
the existence of and interconnections among different social relationship and roles
253
social connection - functional
functions provided by or perceived to be available because of social relationships
254
social connection quality
the positive and negative aspects of social relationships
255
social connection structural roles
marital status, social networks/isolation/integration, living alone
256
social connection functional examples
received support, perceptions of social support, perceived loneliness
257
social connection quality examples
martial quality, relationship strain, social inclusion or exclusion
258
social hypothesis on why social connection is important for well-being
friends/family have impact on health behaviour through obligations and influences
259
evolutionary hypothesis of social connection
mechanisms have evolved to make isolation feel uncomfortable
260
what does isolation promote in the brain (6)
short term preservation, decreased impulse control, attention to negative social stimuli, hostility, anxiety, vigilance for social threats
261
short term preservation
increased cortisol release
262
increased levels of what predict alzheimers risk
cortisol
263
environmental exposures such as stress, diet, and lifestyle can all change the expression of genes.
epigenetics
264
three aspects of consciousness
sentience, self-knowledge, access to information
265
sentience
subjective experience
266
self-knowledge
identify problem and how it can be solved
267
access to information
ability to report on the content of some of brain processing
268
mirror self recognition test
touching themself instead of mirror shows self-recognition and reflects intelligence
269
hampton rhesus monkeys
performed test better when had freedom of choice rather than being forced into a choice.
270
when will rhesus monkeys take test
when they think they have good memory
271
what does rhesus monkey experiment show
monkeys were self-reflecting
272
levels of arousal and consciousness
awake, drowsy, sleep
273
hypnogogic hallucinations
occur while falling asleep
274
hypnopompic hallucinations
occur while waking up
275
locked-in syndrome
fully conscious but unable to move, damage to ventral part of pons
276
minimally conscious state
fixation, response to simple command
reduced activity in cortex
277
unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
open eyes but only reflex behaviour, damage to cortex and/or thalamus
278
results in locked in syndrome
damage to ventral part of pons
279
results in minimally conscious state
reduced activity in cortex
280
results in unresponsive wakefulness syndrome
damage to cortex and /or thalamus
281
bistable percept
an observer perceives the same stimuli in two different ways
282
rivalry
demonstrates fluctuating conscious experience despite fixed physical stimulation
283
two dissimilar images are presented simultaneously to each eye and perception alternates between them
binocular rivalry
284
connectivity during sleep
lucid activity during REM has higher connectivity than SWS
285
describes the way the brain integrates information across different subprocesses into an integrated whole
binding
286
what could changes in coherence and synchrony in schizophrenia be a reflection of
problem with binding
287
which neurotransmitters have a role in synchrony, associated with schizophrenia
gaba and glutamate
288
GABA
an amino acid that inhibits excitable transmission
289
glutamate
an excitatory neurotransmitter
