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NBEO Part 1 > binocular video > Flashcards

binocular video Flashcards

1
Q

Motor fusion

A

The movement of the two eyes when retinal disparity is detected

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2
Q

Sensory fusion

A

Combinbin of two images in the visual cortex

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3
Q

What must happen for an object to be perceived as single

A
  1. Must fall on same retinal points 2. be clear 3. be similar size
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4
Q

Primary visual direction

A

The line of sight going through the foveal.

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5
Q

secondary visual direction

A

Lines of sight through all other retinal points.

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6
Q

Horopter

A

spatial representation of all points in space that are imaged on corresponding retinal points. Anything that falls on here will be seen as single

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7
Q

Panuo’s fusional space

A

an area immediately around the horopter where objects are still seen as single and in depth. This is where depth occurs

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8
Q

What VA to use with binocular vision testing

A

20/30 or two lines above there BCVA

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9
Q

Unilateral cover test

A

Allows the determination of a tropia vs. phoria.

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10
Q

ACT

A

Determines amount.

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11
Q

Expected phoria at distance

A

0-2 XP

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12
Q

Expected phoria at near

A

0-6 XP

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13
Q

Phi phenomeneon

A

With with XP. Against with EP.

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14
Q

what will you see with rod over L and hyper

A

Will see line below the light.

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15
Q

What will you see with rod over L and hypo

A

Will see line above the light

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16
Q

Exo on maddox rod

A

crossed

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17
Q

Eso on maddox rod

A

Uncrossed

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18
Q

Fixation disparity

A

small misalignment of the visual axes that is not observed as object falls in panuo’s fusional area. Measured under associated conditions.

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19
Q

Which AC/A will be greater?

A

The calculated due to proximal convergence.

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20
Q

What indirectly tests PRV

A

NRA

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21
Q

Which indirectly tests NRV

A

PRA

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22
Q

Blur point with fusional mergence testing

A

This is the limited of fusional mergence. Now they start using accommodative vergence

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23
Q

Break point

A

The limit of fusional and accommodative vergence

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24
Q

How big should the recovery be?

A

At least half the break.

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25
Q

What flipper to use with mergence facility

A

12 BO/3 BI.

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26
Q

What is normal mergence facility

A

15 CPM

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27
Q

How does the minus lens method differ from push up values

A

Minus lens will be 2 D less due to minifciation.

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28
Q

What values to test with accommodative facility

A

+/- 2.

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29
Q

Normal values for accommodative facility

A

8 cpm binocular or 11 cpm monocular

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30
Q

CI signs

A

large XP at near, low AC/A, receded NPC, reduced PFV, and a low lag, low NRP and trouble clearing plus lenses.

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31
Q

Pseudo CI

A

accommodative insufficiency leads to decreased convergence. Will have a decreased amplitude of accommodation, a low PRA, and will respond well to low plus at near.

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32
Q

What dx if patients presents will sudden symptoms of CI

A

MS and MG.

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33
Q

DI

A

Least common. Greater esophoria at distance, low AC/A, receded NFV at distance.

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34
Q

Convergence excess

A

Greater symptoms that CI. Reduced NFV ranges, higher AC/A and large lags. Will have a low PRA and inability to clear minus binocularity.

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35
Q

DE

A

Greater eco at distance than near. Can be more pronounced at near. High AC/A. PVF ranges at distance and near are usually normal? The patient may have a V pattern.

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36
Q

Basic XP

A

Normal Ac/A, reduced PFV, low NRA, low lag or lead, inability to fuse with Bo and clear plus

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37
Q

Basic EP

A

Normal AC/A, Reduced NRV, big lag, inability to fuse BI, hard to clear minus.

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38
Q

Vertical phobias.

A

Vertical phobias can be constricted if recent onset vertical deviation or larger than normal if the vertical deviation is longstanding.

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39
Q

Fusional Vergence Dysfunction

A

Normal phoria at distance and near, normal AC/A, normal accommodative function, and reduced PFV and NFV ranges at distance and near.

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40
Q

AI

A

high lag, inability to clear minus, reduced PRA, reduced amplitude of accommodation.

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41
Q

Accommodative Excess

A

Intermittent distance blur after near activities, difficulty shifting focus, normal to high AoA, reduced NRA, low lag or lead. Inability to clear plus.

42
Q

AE vs Acom. spasm

A

Plus lenses will help with Acomm. spasm but not AE

43
Q

AI

A

Reduced NRA and PRA and difficulty clearing plus and minus lenses on binocular and monocular accommodative facility testing.

44
Q

Amblyopia definition

A

20/30 or worse or difference of 2 lines of visual acuity

45
Q

When will amblyopia develop

A

From birth to 7-9.

46
Q

Sensitive period

A

2-3 years old.

47
Q

Suppression

A

When the image of one eye is filtered out at the level of the visual cortex

48
Q

Diplopia

A

when an object falls on non-corresponding retinal points.

49
Q

Confusion

A

Occurs when each macula views a different object.

50
Q

Eccentric Fixation

A

Occurs when a non-foveal point is used for fixation in the strabismic eye. It occurs under monocular and binocular conditions. On CT the subjective deviation will be less than objective as patient will fixate with the eccentric fixation point.

51
Q

Anomalous Retinal Correspondence

A

Can develop if foveal misalignment occur before the age of 5.

52
Q

ARC vs. EF

A

ARC will only occur under binocular conditions. Under monocular conditions the deviated eye will use the fovea.

53
Q

Angle of anomaly

A

Difference between objective and subjective deviaion

54
Q

Harmonious ARC

A

The angle of anomaly equals the objective angle of deviation. The patient has no symptoms of diplopia and confusion. S=0.

55
Q

Unharmonious ARC

A

The angle of anomaly is less than the objective angle of deviation. Subjective angle is not 0. Patient will have diplopia and confusion.

56
Q

when does unharmonious ARC typically occur

A

2-3 weeks after strap surgery as transitions to HAC

57
Q

Paradoxical ARC

A

When the fn moves in the direction opposite to the deviation. Patients will have worse diplopia and confusion.

58
Q

Covariance

A

The type of correspondence shifts depending on which eye is fixating. Normal HAC when the normal eye fixating and NRC when the strabismic eye fixating.

59
Q

Hirschberg

A

Nasal=XP temporal=EP.

60
Q

Angle lambda

A

Monocular conditions and typically 0.5 mm nasal.

61
Q

How much does a 1mm shift on hirshberg indicate

A

22 p.d.

62
Q

Krimsky Test

A

Measures the magnitude of deviation using prism. The patient views a light source at 50 cm. Use prism to align using the norm BONES and BINX.

63
Q

Bruckner test

A

80-100 cm away. Looking for equal reflex. The brighter eye will be deviating.

64
Q

4 BO test

A

Detect a micro strabismus. Put 4 Bo in front of an eye. Normal is out and then in. If prism over OD: If OS makes an outward movement but not in->it is suppressing. If no movement: OD is suppressing.

65
Q

Microstrabimus

A

deviation less than 10 that is not detected on any other tests of misalignment

66
Q

How can patient get normal on after image test

A

IF NRC or if EF and Fe is in the same location as ARC under binocular conditions.

67
Q

What does it mean if the vertical line is seen to the left when flashed vertical on right eye

A

OD esotropia with nasal fn relative to the fovea

68
Q

what does it mean if the vertical line is seen to the right when flashed vertical on the right eye

A

OD exotropia with temporal fn relative to the fovea.

69
Q

What is the major idea with after image test

A

Crossed=eso. Uncrossed=exo

70
Q

What does right eye see with Bagolini lenses

A

/ Tilted to the Right

71
Q

What does left eye see with bagolini lenses

A

\ Tilted to the left.

72
Q

What if you see an X with Bagolini lenses

A

NRC if CT shows no tropia or Harmonious ARC if movement on CT is seen.

73
Q

What if you see V on cover test

A

Esotropia with NRC or unharmonious unharmonious RC

74
Q

What if you see ^ on cover test

A

Exotropia with NRC or unharmouns RC

75
Q

First degree of fusion

A

superimposition targets. Cannot fuse together because they are different. Use for training

76
Q

2nd degree of fusion

A

Flat fusion. Use targets with suppression cues. Patient do not have diplopia but no stereo

77
Q

3rd degree of fusion

A

Stereopsis.

78
Q

What does Worth 4 dot detect

A

flat fusion.

79
Q

When to use worth 4 dot

A

When under 40 seconds of arc

80
Q

What does the right eye see in worth 4 dot

A

2 vertical red dots.

81
Q

What does the left eye seen in worth 4 dot

A

3 green dots.

82
Q

When does a patient have deep suppression

A

if worth 4 dot doesn’t see fusion with lights dim and at near.

83
Q

Local (contour) stereopsis

A

Uses monocular cues. Tests peripheral stereopsis.

84
Q

Global (stereo) steropsis

A

Uses random dot targets with no local targets.

85
Q

Expected stereo tests

A

20 seconds of arc with contour testing.

86
Q

Horro fusionis

A

When a patient with heterotropia are unable to obtain fusion even with the use of prism.

87
Q

Infantile ET

A

Congenital ET. A large angle constant ET that occurs prior to 6 months of age and is usually idiopathic in nature.

88
Q

What conditions are infantile ET associated with

A

Overacting Inferior Oblique (hyper when adducting), DVD, latent nystagmus

89
Q

Acquired ET

A

Occurs after 6 months of age. Can be accommodative, acute, and mechanical.

90
Q

Accommodative ET

A

Due to accommodation. Can do CT with +2 lens

91
Q

Acute ET

A

Sudden onset and secondary to a neurological problem or a decompensated phoria.

92
Q

Mechanical ET

A

Secondary to restriction.

93
Q

Secondary ET

A

Due to either sensory deprivation or consecutive ET after strabismus surgery. Sensory deprivation occurs after age 5 and is a result of trauma or disease

94
Q

Micro ET

A

constant, unilateral, eso deviation of less than 10 p.d. that develops before 3 years of age. Must detect with 4BO test.

95
Q

Infantile or congenital XT

A

A large deviation that occurs before 6 months of age. Normally alternating.

96
Q

Acquired XT

A

Occurs after 6 months of age.

97
Q

Acute Acquired XT

A

Sudden onset, constant eco deviation. Can be neurological, trauma, or decompensated.

98
Q

Mechanical acquired XT

A

Due to physical restriction of an EOM.

99
Q

Secondary XT

A

Sensory XT occurs with acquired vision loss (after the age of 5) and consecutive occurs after surgery.

100
Q

Micro XT

A

oxo deviation less than 10. Use a 4 BO test.

101
Q

Most common binocular dysfunction with TBI

A

CI

102
Q

What to prescribe for post traumatic vision sydrome

A

binasal occlusion or BI prism.

NBEO Part 1 (17 decks)

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