Bio 1 Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
Each level has
A
distinct properties
2
Q
Atoms
A
smallest unit of matter
3
Q
Molecule
A
group of atom chemically bonded together
4
Q
E.g Molecul
A
Phosphate
5
Q
MACROmolecule
A
large molecules made of monomers
6
Q
monomers
A
repeating chains of molecules
7
Q
4 types of macromolecules
A
carbs, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids.
8
Q
e.g macromolecules
A
phospholipids
9
Q
Organelle
A
specialized part of a cell
10
Q
e.g organelle
A
plasma membrane
11
Q
tissue
A
group of similar and specialized cells that perform a specific funcition
12
Q
e.g. tissue
A
heart muscle tissue
13
Q
cell
A
simplest unit of life
14
Q
e.g. cell
A
muscle cell
15
Q
organ
A
structure made of different tissues working together to complete a complex bodily function
16
Q
e.g organ
A
heart
17
Q
organ system
A
2+ organs and structures that work together to complete a major body function
18
Q
e.g organ system
A
circulatory system
19
Q
organism
A
distinct living thing, multi or uni cellular
20
Q
multi cellular
A
plants, animals, fungi,
21
Q
uni cellular
A
bacteria, protists
22
Q
Cell wall
A
protects, supports, made of cellulose not in animals
23
Q
cell membrane
A
protects, controls movement in and out, selectively permeable, in ALL cells, made of phospholibids,
24
Q
movement of the cell membrane
A
small molecules (CO2, O2, H2O), can diffuse throught the phospholipids. Proteins in the membrane can act as channels for larger molecules
25
Cytoplasm
inside the membrane outside the nucleus, organelles are in the cytoplasm
26
cytosol
jelly-like substance made mostly of water fills cell,
27
nucleus
control center, contains chromosomes (made of DNA)
28
Nucleolus
dense area inside the nucleus where ribosomes are made
29
Mitochondria
tiny sausage shaped, provides energy to the cell, site of aerobic cellular respiration
30
ATP
energy, is used by the other organelles for processes
31
Equation for cellular respiration
sugar +O2=CO2 + H20 +Energy (ATP)
32
Ribosomes
microscopic sphere attaches to the ER or gloating in the cytoplasm. Makes proteins
33
ER
network of canals, transports materials, may have ribosome (rough), may not have ribosomes (smooth)
34
Golgi apparatus
faltttend sacs, produces vesicles (transport sacs). Modifies and exports proteins
35
Lysosomes
saclike made by golgi, contains enzymes that break down large molecules or worm out cell parts
36
vacuole
fluid filled space, water + sugar + starch, helps with water regulation in plants, can store food or help with movement
37
Centriole
small protein structures, cell division
38
chloroplast
in green plants and some protists, convert sunlight to food via photosynthesis, co2 + H20 + sun = sugar +o2
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cilia
protein fibres, for movement, short, numerous, on cell surface
40
flagella
long, protein fibres, few on cell surface
41
cytoskeleton
protein fibres, anchor organelles in place, and give structure to the cell, plants and animals
42
stage
supports slide
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clips
hold slide in place
44
diaphram
regulates amount of light reaching object
45
objective lenses
magnifies object, low=4x, med = 10x, high = 40x
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revolving nosepiece
rotates allows objective les to change
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body tube
contains ocular lens, supports objective lens
48
ocular lens
eye piece, magnifies (10x), look through
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coarse adjustment knob
stage (up or down), low or medium only, bring into focus
50
fine adjustment knob
after specimen has been located and focused, used to make sharper
51
DNA is in the
nucleus
52
DNA form
double stranded helix
53
DNA is polynucleotide. What is polynucleotide
chain of nucleotides
54
each nuclotide has
nitrogen base (adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine), sugar (deoxyribose), a pohsphate group
55
adenine always bonds with
thymine
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cytosine always bonds with
guanine
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James Watson + Francis crick do what
discover DNA sturcture in 1953, and win the Nobel with maurice Wilkins in '62
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Rosalind franklin
her work in x-ray crystolagraphy was important in revealing DNA structure
59
DNA structure allow it to
be easily replicated
60
DNA un
zips and each side is a templat
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on each half
a comlementary half is built
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the 2 new DNA molecules are
identical
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DNA replication allows cells to
pass on hereditary information
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cells devide to
reproduce
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before division DNA is in ___ form
chromatin
66
Chromatin condenses into
chromosomes so a cell can easily divide its gentic information
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HUMAN body cells have
46 chromosnes
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Trisomy 21
down syndrome when a fertilized egg has 3 copies of chromosnes 21
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segment of dna is called
a gene
70
each chromosome has
many genese
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genses determine
characteristics of an organism
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higher the number of genes in an organism the
higher the chance of gentic diversity
73
how many genes do humans have
20,000
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alteration in the DNA sequence
mutation
75
mutation can be caused by
chemicals: cigarette smoke
radiation: uv rays, xrays
natural: viruses
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mutations can also occurs
during DNA replication
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most mutations are
inconsequential, but some are beneficial
78
one harmful mutation is
sickle cell anemia
79
why do cells divide
cells wear out andmust be replaced, organisms grow and need more cells
80
cells have different life
spans
81
give examples of cell life spans
stomach lining-days
platelets + skin-weeks
red blood + macrophages-months
pancreas + bones-years
82
cell cycle
process of a cell growing and preparing for cell division
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G1 (growth phase 1)
cell grows larger, organelles duplicate
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S (synthesis)
Dna is replicated
85
G2 (growth phase 2)
dna is checked for errors, cell is prepared for division
86
M phase (mitosis)
process's separates DNA, packaged in chromosomes into 2 identical cells
87
chromatin
mix of DNA, proteins in an interphase nucleus
88
chomosones
condensed chromatin
89
chromatid
one side of a double stranded chromosone
90
centromere
structure that holds 2 sister chromatids together
91
single stranded chromosnes
chromatid after it has been separated from its sister chromatid
92
EASY TO REMEMBER PMAT
prophase=prepare
metaphase=middle
anaphase=separate, apart
telophase=finish, the end
93
Prophase
1. chromonsones condense and become visible
2. nuclear membrane breaks down
3. spindle fibers come from the 2 centiroles
4. centrioles separate and move to each pole
94
Metaphase
centrioles are at the poles
spindle fibers pull centromere into a lin
double stranded chromosnes align at the equator
95
anaphase
spindle fibers contract + pull the centromeres to the poles
chromatids of the 2 sided chromosnes are now seperated
single stranded chromosnes are pulled to opposite sides
96
telophase
nuclear membrane reforms
single stranded chromosnes uncoil
cytokenesis
97
cytokenesis
cell membrane pinches in ward, the result is the seperation of the cytoplasm into 2 roughly equal parts
98
Interphase
chromatin is uncoiled
nuclear membrane is fully intact
two almost identical cells have been produced
cell begins g1, s, g2
99
what if a cell does not stop dividing
cancer
