BIO 100 Flashcards
Define BIO 100
General Biology for Non-Majors. An introductory course emphasizing the processes of science and the fundamentals of biology. Includes a basic introduction to molecules, cells and metabolism, the flow of genetic information, evolutionary theory, and ecological processes. Connects life science concepts to the understanding of everyday concerns such as human health.
Course Learning Outcomes
• Be able to explain the major characteristics of science and recognize the difference between
scientific vs. non-scientific ideas.
• Be able to understand and implement basic scientific methodology
Bias in an experiment can occur when (LO6)
A) a researcher randomly assigns subjects to the control or experimental group.
B) a technician knows which samples are from the control group.
C) subject finds out the results of the experiment after it is finished.
D) subject does not know who is in the control or experimental groups.
B
Correlations are less convincing than controlled experimental results because correlations (LO7)
A) do not eliminate as many alternative hypotheses as experimental results.
B) cannot be statistically significant.
C) are subject to greater bias than experimental results.
D) cannot be observed outside the laboratory.
A
Which of the following is a sign that scientific information on a website may be unreliable? (LO10)
A) The site is set up to allow you to buy the product being described.
B) The site avoids anecdotal evidence.
C) A reputable medical establishment maintains the site.
D) The site backs up its claims with references to primary sources.
A
There is a strong correlation between stress and susceptibility to colds. This means that (LO7)
A) people with high stress must come into contact with more cold viruses.
B) stress must directly cause susceptibility to colds.
C) a high susceptibility to colds must directly cause stress.
D) stress might or might not affect susceptibility to colds.
D
A news report on CNN that describes recently published research on a new treatment for colds is an example of a(n) (LO9)
A) peer-reviewed report.
B) anecdote.
C) secondary source.
D) primary source.
C
Which of the following situations has the greatest potential for observer bias in an experimental process? (LO6)
A) Ms. Bradley is an outside consultant who is conducting a health and wellness survey for a pharmaceutical company. She does not know the name of the company nor does she know the name of the drug being tested during the survey.
B) Dr. Jones is evaluating cancer patients for their responses to a new therapeutic drug. She knows which patients are receiving the placebo and which are receiving the drug.
C) Mr. Bromley is conducting a survey of weight loss for his professor. He asks each student in the study the same questions.
D) Dr. Postgate is analyzing biopsy samples from rats that have been given either a placebo or an experimental drug believed to reduce inflammation. Each sample is identified by a code number so that Dr. Postgate cannot tell which treatment the rats received.
B
A scientific theory is (LO2)
A) an explanation supported by a very large amount of experimental evidence.
B) any testable explanation for a question or problem.
C) little more than an educated guess.
D) an explanation that cannot be modified in light of new experimental evidence.
A
The most trustworthy source of scientific information is (LO9)
A) peer-reviewed research publications.
B) science reports in newspapers and on TV.
C) anecdotal evidence.
D) paid advertisements.
A
Why are hypotheses never accepted as proven true by scientists? (LO4)
A) Experimentation cannot support a hypothesis because it only tests predictions.
B) Hypotheses change every time a new experiment is conducted.
C) A hypothesis cannot ever be true or false because it is an opinion.
D) Alternative hypotheses might provide a better answer to the research question.
D
Which of the following would be a control in an experiment testing the prediction that a certain drug prevents cataracts in females over the age of 65? (LO5)
A) alternative drugs that are suspected to prevent cataracts
B) male subjects
C) female subjects younger than 65
D) female subjects over 65 that are given placebos
D
Which of the following statements is a testable scientific hypothesis? (LO1)
A) Smoking makes people less attractive.
B) Antioxidants from food are better than antioxidants from a vitamin pill.
C) Eating fish reduces the chance of having a stroke.
D) Embryonic stem cell research will allow scientists to find a cure for diabetes.
C
A statistically significant result is one that (LO8)
A) is unlikely due to chance.
B) has real-world importance but is not necessarily based on mathematical probability.
C) is likely due to chance differences between groups.
D) the media can report as valid but scientists must consider as unsupported by research.
A
A scientific hypothesis has which of the following features? (LO1)
A) it is able to be proven true.
B) It is not based on observations.
C) It is falsifiable.
D) It is a theory about something.
C
Suppose that a botanist is interested in the effect of light on plants. In an experiment she conducts, 50 individuals of a single species of flowering plant are grown for 60 days under different lengths of artificial daylight. The plant species has flowers that can be either white or pink, depending on the genetics of the parent plants. The amount of water and fertilizer provided to each plant is constant. At the end of the experiment, the size of each leaf of every plant is measured. The dependent variable in this experiment is the (LO5)
A) duration of artificial daylight.
B) flower’s color.
C) duration of the experiment.
D) leaf’s size.
D
If an inductively reasoned hypothesis makes sense, based on all available and historical observations, then (LO3)
A) the hypothesis cannot possibly be true.
B) the hypothesis might be false.
C) experimentation is not necessary.
D) the hypothesis must be true.
B
Deductive reasoning is used to make ________ based on a hypothesis. (LO3)
A) correlations
B) statistical tests
C) predictions
D) data
C
Consider this hypothesis: “Drinking Echinacea tea reduces the duration and severity of colds.” Which of the following statements is the best prediction based on this hypothesis? (LO1)
A) If people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, then they will feel better sooner than people who don’t consume the tea.
B) If people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, then an ingredient in the tea will bind to cold viruses and destroy them.
C) If a person doesn’t drink Echinacea tea, then he or she will catch a cold very easily.
D) If people with a cold drink Echinacea tea, then the tea will reduce their stress, making them feel better.
A
If the two means differ slightly between control and treatment groups, the difference is likely to be statistically significant only if (LO8)
A) the hypothesis is false.
B) The experimental result is not practically significant.
C) the sample size is very large.
D) the experimental result is practically significant.
C
A researcher has hypothesized that the chemical tributyltin (an additive in boat paint) seeps out of the paint into the water and causes reproductive defects in developing marine snails. Which of the following would be a good control in an experiment that tests the effects of tributyltin on developing snails? (LO5)
A) Developing snails are kept in a dry tank to avoid exposure to contaminated water.
B) Developing snails are kept in a tank of water and exposed to boat paint that does not contain tributyltin.
C) Developing snails are kept in a tank of water and exposed to below-expected levels of tributyltin.
D) Developing snails are kept in a tank of water that has never been exposed to boat paint.
B
Results from one test of a new drug are found to be statistically significant; therefore, the hypothesis (LO2)
A) should be tested again.
B) is called a theory.
C) is rejected.
D) is accepted as correct.
A
What gas do plants release during photosynthesis? (LO5-5)
A) carbon dioxide
B) water vapor
C) oxygen
D) carbon monoxide
C
How do scientists “know” the atmospheric levels of carbon dioxide that existed on Earth hundreds or thousands of years ago? (LO5-8)
A ) They measure it from erupting volcanoes, bubbling hot springs, and seeping hydrothermal vents.
B) They estimate it from the relative numbers of carbon-based life forms that existed over time.
C) They deduce it from the carbon dioxide content of fossil fuels.
D) They measure it from bubbles of gas trapped in Antarctic ice.
D
What happens when water is heated? (LO5-2)
A) Hydrogen atoms jump from one water molecule to another water molecule.
B) It’s broken into hydrogen and oxygen atoms.
C) Hydrogen bonds between water molecules are broken.
D) New hydrogen bonds are created between water molecules.
C
What can happen to the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere? (LO5-5)
A) It can be converted to glucose by plants.
B) It can be converted into carbon monoxide by the oceans.
C) It can react with nitrogen to form fossil fuels.
D) It can be released into space from the atmosphere.
A
The greenhouse effect is most similar to (LO5-1)
A) heating up the air inside a car by parking it in the sun.
B) warming the air for a hot-air balloon with a propane burner.
C) growing plants in your office to reduce indoor air pollution.
D) burning kerosene in a heater to warm up the air inside a cold house.
A
An ecological footprint ___________. (LO16-5)
A) is equal to the size of a human population
B) is the position an individual holds in the ecological food chain
C) is often smaller than the actual land footprint of residences in a city
D) estimates the total land area required to support a particular person or human population
D
In summer, why is the air around a large body of water cooler than nearby inland areas? (LO16-1)
A) Water temperature changes slowly in response to solar irradiation when compared to the rate of temperature change of land surfaces.
B) It’s not actually cooler; the breezes associated with the water only make it seem cooler.
C) Water temperature isn’t affected by solar irradiation, whereas the temperature of land surfaces is affected.
D) Air molecules are farther away from each other over water, so they do not generate as much heat.
A
Which of the following statements about the greenhouse effect is true? (LO5-1)
A) The greenhouse effect is a dangerous phenomenon that should be stopped as soon as possible.
B) The greenhouse effect results from the presence of oxygen in the atmosphere.
C) Global warming is likely the result of a lessening of the greenhouse effect.
D) Most life on Earth relies upon the hospitable temperatures resulting from the greenhouse effect.
D
When all living organisms are included, ________ contain about 70% of the biomass found on Earth’s land surface. (LO16-3)
A) forests
B) grasslands
C) deserts
D) tundras
A
The dry deserts of Nevada are most influenced by (LO16-2)
A) the hot desert sun.
B) the Pacific Ocean.
C) the rain shadow from a California mountain range.
D) overgrazing by livestock.
C
The process by which carbon dioxide and water are converted to glucose and oxygen is called (LO5-5)
A) photosynthesis.
B) cellular respiration.
C) glycolysis.
D) fermentation.
A
Which of the following is a true statement about carbon and the carbon cycle? (LO5-3)
A) Carbon is recycled among plants, animals, water, soil, and the atmosphere.
B) Carbon is recycled in a general sense, but once carbon dioxide is exhaled from animals, it can only enter the atmosphere, where it’s trapped and adds to the greenhouse effect.
C) There is a one-way flow of carbon from volcanoes to plants to herbivores to carnivores and, finally, to the atmosphere.
D) Carbon dioxide (CO2) is the only carbon-containing compound involved in the carbon cycle.
A
Heat is a measure of (LO5-2)
A) the resistance to temperature change within a substance.
B) the rate that molecules are moving within a substance.
C) the total amount of energy associated with the movement of molecules in a substance.
D) the ability of a substance to transfer energy between its molecules.
C
What are fossil fuels? (LO5-4)
A) accumulations of partially decomposed dinosaurs
B) carbon-rich remains of plants and microorganisms
C) underground deposits of carbon dioxide
D) timber from old-growth forests
B
Which of the following biomes has a structure made up primarily of the remains of its dominant organisms? (LO16-4)
A) coral reefs
B) freshwater lakes
C) estuaries
D) rivers
A
Almost all scientists believe that the global warming observed over the past 100 years has been caused by elevated levels of gases in the atmosphere. Which of the following gases is primarily responsible for this problem? (LO5-8)
A) carbon dioxide
B) nitrous oxide
C) oxygen
D) ozone
A
Which of these is a fossil fuel? (LO5-4)
A) hydrogen gas
B) vegetable oil
C) wood
D) coal
D
During which process does water vapor move out of plant stomata? (LO5-6)
A) combustion
B) transpiration
C) condensation
D) evaporation
B
Where does most of the carbon dioxide released by human activities come from? (LO5-8)
A) burning wood for cooking fires
B) burning fossil fuels
C) decomposing garbage in landfills
D) exhaling (cellular respiration waste products)
B
Which of these emits carbon dioxide into the atmosphere? (LO5-3)
A) green plants
B) soil
C) water
D) volcanoes
D
Developed countries tend to have lower population growth rates and are characterized by (LO8)
A) industrial economies and low individual incomes.
B) industrial economies and high individual incomes.
C) agricultural economies and low individual incomes.
D) agricultural economies and high individual incomes
B
Which of the following is a density-independent factor? (LO6)
A) waste concentration in the environment
B) supply of suitable habitat for survival
C) food supply
D) weather
D
The principle of a carrying capacity corresponds to a pattern of population growth that’s (LO5)
A) bell-shaped.
B) J-shaped.
C) logistic.
D) a straight line.
C
If everyone on the planet used resources and lived the average lifestyle of an American, then (LO8)
A) there would be same number of people in less-developed countries as there are Americans.
B) the population growth rate would immediately decrease.
C) the Earth would have the carrying capacity to sustain the human population.
D) we would need multiple Earths for this to be possible.
D
Exponential growth, when graphed, appears as a(n) (LO3)
A) straight line.
B) “S” curve.
C) “J” curve.
D) wavy line that goes up and down regularly.
C
When a population of spotted salamanders in an area of vernal pools remains stable for many years and the population has stabilized because of resource limits, then (LO5)
A) carrying capacity has been reached.
B) density dependence is not involved.
C) predation has decreased.
D) density independence occurs.
A
What is the birth rate in a population in which 35 babies are born per every 1000 people in the population each year? (LO4)
A) 35%
B) 0.35%
C) 3.5%
D) 0.35
C
A population has reached the carrying capacity of the environment when (LO5)
A) the food supply in that particular environment begins to decrease.
B) the environment can’t support a further increase in the population.
C) it has entered an extended period of exponential growth.
D) the environment can’t support the current population.
B
Which of the following projects would be conducted by an ecologist? (LO1)
A) a project to genetically modify a wheat plant in order to increase production
B) a research project testing new pollution filters for cars
C) observations of toad embryos’ development in a Petri dish
D) a study of squirrels and their interactions with other animals
D
Which of the following is a nonrenewable resource? (LO7)
A) wind power
B) solar energy
C) natural gas
D) hydrogen fuel cell
C
When you look at the spacing of humans on a global level, the population follows a(n) ________ distribution. (LO1)
A) clumped
B) uniform
C) random
D) indescribable
A
When considering the growth of the human population, how is the annual growth rate determined? (LO4)
A) the number of deaths averaged over the population as a whole minus the number of births averaged over the population as a whole
B) the number of births averaged over the population as a whole minus the number of deaths averaged over the population as a whole
C) the number of births averaged over the population as a whole for the entire year
D) the number of births averaged over the population as a whole as well as the number of immigrants into the population during the year
B
Which of the following must be an assumption of the mark-recapture method? (LO2)
A) marked individuals avoid recapture, relative to unmarked individuals
B) marked individuals become “trap-happy,” relative to unmarked individuals
C) few individuals enter or leave the study area during the period between mark and recapture
D) the population size changes dramatically between the time of mark and recapture
C
Increased mortality in a population due to increased competition for water is the effect of a(n) (LO6)
A) density-independent factor.
B) demographic transition.
C) increase in carrying capacity.
D) density-dependent factor.
D
Human populations may surpass the carrying capacity of their environment due to (LO7)
A) temporary reliance on stored or nonrenewable resources.
B) increases in death rates as the population growth approaches carrying capacity.
C) decreases in birth rates as resources are depleted.
D) sudden population crashes.
A
In some situations, the death rate of a population declines before the birth rate begins to decline. This is an example of (LO4)
A) a density-dependent factor in action.
B) what occurs in industrialized nations.
C) demographic transition.
D) the carrying capacity being reached.
C
An ecological population of organisms would include all (LO1)
A) chipmunks in a wood lot.
B) plants in a garden.
C) plants and animals in a rainforest.
D) animals in a zoo.
A
Students studying a population of salamanders in a vernal pool mark each salamander caught as it’s entering the pool. During the first spring migration to the pool, the students mark 200 salamanders. The following year, they again capture 200 salamanders. Of these, 20 were from the previous year. Students use this information to calculate that they captured ________ of the total population and that the total salamander population in their pool is about ________. (LO2)
A) 10%; 2000
B) 20%; 2000
C) 20%; 200
D) 10%; 200
A
Approximately how many people are on Earth today? (LO3)
A) 700,000,000
B) 7,000,000,000
C) 70,000,000
D) 7,000,000
B
As the Industrial Revolution took place, there was a decrease in infant mortality, resulting in (LO4)
A) boom and bust cycles of the population growth rate.
B) a stabilization of the population growth rate.
C) an increase in the population growth rate.
D) a decrease in the population growth rate.
C
Which of the following is at the “bottom” of a trophic pyramid? (LO4)
A) secondary consumers
B) sunlight
C) primary consumers
D) producers
D
One advantage of preserving more than one population of an endangered species at more than one location is _______________. (LO8)
A) lower numbers of heterozygotes in each population
B) higher levels of inbreeding in each population
C) higher rates of genetic drift in each population
D) a lower risk of extinction of the entire species if a catastrophe strikes one population
D
During the 1980s, wolves were reintroduced to Yellowstone National Park after decades of absence due to attempted extermination in the early part of the 20th century. Within 20 years, not only had the wolf population increased, but there was also a dramatic increase in other species, such as aspen, cottonwood, and willow trees, beavers, warblers, insects, and fish. These changes in Yellowstone Park are examples of how important a(n) ________ can be to an ecosystem. (LO6)
A) herbivore
B) keystone species
C) competitor
D) parasite
B
Over the past 580 million years, biodiversity has (LO1)
A) rapidly increased until it started to rapidly decrease in the past hundred years or so.
B) smoothly and steadily increased until the past hundred years or so.
C) generally increased but with punctuations in the pattern.
D) smoothly and steadily increased.
C
The current rapid loss of species is considered by many scientists to be another mass extinction. This increase in extinction rate, beyond background extinction, is thought to be due to (LO2)
A) changes in the number of solar flares observed recently.
B) a recent increase in earthquakes worldwide.
C) global climate change.
D) human population growth and the resulting habitat changes worldwide.
D
Ants from the genus Pseudomyrmex live in bull’s horn acacia trees, Acacia cornigera. The ants will attack any predators of the tree. In return, the ants live protected in the thorns of the tree and eat the nectar and protein-rich secretions of the tree. This is an example of (LO5)
A) commensalism.
B) competition.
C) mutualism.
D) parasitism.
C
Fenway Park, home of the Boston Red Sox, is situated on land that was once a fen, a kind of wetland. The replacement of the fen is an example of (LO2)
A) pollution.
B) habitat destruction.
C) competition.
D) overexploitation.
B
A graph depicting the relationship between the size of a region and the biodiversity that it can support is called a(n) ________ curve. (LO3)
A) overexploitation
B) habitat loss
C) biomass
D) species-area
D
Life on Earth has experienced several mass extinctions. One or more of these extinctions was most likely caused by (LO1)
A) an asteroid impact.
B) worldwide drought.
C) an increase in large predatory mammals.
D) genetic drift.
A
Teosinte is a wild grass in Mexico from which corn (maize) was originally domesticated. Corn that is grown commercially is probably (LO8)
A) more genetically diverse than teosinte.
B) less genetically diverse than teosinte.
C) a threat to teosinte populations.
D) about as genetically diverse as teosinte.
B
In the heart of Costa Rica there’s a private reserve called Rara Avis. Here, one can hike high into the mountains of a tropical cloud forest to take guided nature hikes and learn about this unique ecosystem. This is an example of how habitats can be preserved through (LO9)
A) regulations.
B) ecotourism.
C) critical habitat designation.
D) exploitation.
B
When essential mineral nutrients pass through a food web, they are generally not lost from the environment. This is known as ____________________. (LO7)
A) an ecological niche
B) commensalism
C) nutrient cycling
D) competitive exclusion
C
According to the generalized species-area curve, when habitat is reduced by 50% of its original size, approximately ______ of the species once present there will be lost. (LO3)
A) 25%
B) 10%
C) 50%
D) 90%
B
Most of the energy contained in one trophic level is “lost” when it gets to the next trophic level. The lost energy takes the form of (LO4)
A) kinetic energy, in the motion of consumers.
B) metabolic heat.
C) potential energy, in chemical bonds.
D) free electrons.
B
The web of life refers to the ___________. (LO6)
A) flow of information from parent to child
B) complicated nature of genetic variability
C) connections between species in an ecosystem
D) evolutionary relationships among living organisms
C
The North Atlantic Right Whale, Eubalaena glacialis, was called the “right whale” because they were the best whale for early whalers to kill. They have long baleen and lots of blubber and oil. When killed, they could be towed back to land for processing because they float. They once numbered in the millions, but the entire population of the species is now less than 400. The history of the right whale is an example of (LO2)
A) pollution.
B) overexploitation.
C) habitat destruction.
D) competition.
B
What law was passed to address the problem of rapid species loss in the United States? (LO9)
A) the Human Intervention Act of 1979
B) the Biodiversity Act of 1975
C) the Wilson-Biophilia Act of 1994
D) the Endangered Species Act of 1973
D
All individuals of all species living within an area of interest represent a(n) (LO5)
A) community.
B) population.
C) trophic level.
D) ecosystem.
A
Scientists have used the fossil record to estimate the average length of time that a species inhabits the Earth. This estimate is useful for assessing the impact of humans on the Earth’s biological diversity because it can (LO1)
A) estimate how many species extinctions are caused by human activity.
B) determine which species might become extinct soon, even if humans aren’t involved.
C) assure us that human activity is not the cause of most species extinctions.
D) help determine how long the human species might survive.
A
Purple loosestrife, Lythrum salicaria, is a beautiful, long-stemmed wetlands species brought to the United States from Europe as an ornamental plant. In the United States, it has no predators and crowds out cattails, Typha latifolia, another wetlands plant that’s a valuable resource for many species. Purple loosestrife is an example of (LO2)
A) a parasite.
B) a predator.
C) an introduced species.
D) overexploitation
C
In the equation N = 1000/R…as R gets larger, N ________.
A) gets smaller
B) gets larger
C) becomes zero
D) none of the answers is correct
A
Which of the following is/are within an order of magnitude of 175?
A) all of the answers are correct
B) 1500
C) 25
D) 570
A
How many orders of magnitude (factors of 10) are there from 2 to 2 million?
A) 2
B) 4
C) 6
D) 9
C
What is the chance of flipping 3 heads in a row in a coin toss, assuming an equally weighted coin (not a trick coin)?
A) this cannot be calculated
B) none of the answers is correct
C) 1/2 + 1/2 + 1/2 = 3/2, or >100%
D) 1/2 x 1/2 x 1/2 = 1/8, or 12.5%
D
If there is a 50:50 chance of an event, then…
A) in 100 chances the event could never happen 25 times
B) there will be exactly 50 occurances in 100 chances
C) in 100 chances the event is likely to occur about half the time, but it could happen more than 50 times or less than 50 times
D) in 100 chances the event could never happen 75 times
C
What kind of bond holds two water molecules to each other? (LO4)
A) ionic bonds
B) hydrogen bonds
C) nonpolar covalent bonds
D) polar covalent bonds
B
An atom will be least likely to form chemical bonds with other atoms when (LO3)
A) the number of protons equals the number of neutrons.
B) the number of protons equals the number of electrons.
C) the valence shell is full of electrons.
D) there is only one electron in the valence shell.
C
The atomic number of an element refers to the number of ________ in one atom of that element. (LO3)
A) neutrons
B) protons
C) protons plus neutrons
D) electrons
B
Which organelle is represented by a network of membranes involved in the production and modification of proteins? (LO9)
A) lysosome
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) nucleus
D) chloroplast
B
Which organelle contains digestive enzymes that degrade a variety of macromolecules? (LO9)
A) chloroplast
B) lysosome
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) mitochondrion
B
Carbon is the basis of organic chemistry and is an important element in biology because it (LO5)
A) can directly bond with up to four other atoms at the same time.
B) is the basis of the pH scale.
C) is so rare.
D) is the only type of atom found in proteins.
A
Enzymes are (LO6)
A) carbohydrates.
B) nucleic acids.
C) proteins.
D) lipids.
C
Which organelle performs photosynthesis? (LO9)
A) lysosome
B) mitochondrion
C) chloroplast
D) Golgi apparatus
C
Which organelle performs cellular respiration thereby providing most of the cell’s ATP? (LO9)
A) mitochondrion
B) lysosome
C) Golgi apparatus
D) endoplasmic reticulum
A
Which of the following are found in the nucleus of an atom? (LO3)
A) neutrons, electrons, and protons
B) electrons and neutrons
C) protons and electrons
D) neutrons and protons
D
In general, what makes one kind of amino acid different from other amino acids? (LO6)
A) the type of bonds
B) the amino group
C) the carboxyl group
D) the side group
D
Which organelle is found in plant cells but not in animal cells? (LO9)
A) chloroplast
B) endoplasmic reticulum
C) centriole
D) mitochondrion
A
The plasma membrane of all cells is composed primarily of (LO8)
A) a layer of DNA
B) carbohydrates.
C) a double layer of protein
D) lipids (phospholipid bilayer with proteins in it)
D
Polysaccharides are carbohydrates, and are polymers of (LO6)
A) amino acids.
B) nucleotides.
C) fatty acids.
D) sugars.
D
What is the name for the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment? (LO1)
A) cellular respiration
B) homeostasis
C) stimulus-response
D) metabolism
B
Because the electrons in a water molecule are shared unequally between hydrogen and oxygen, water is said to be (LO4)
A) hydrophobic.
B) ionic.
C) polar.
D) noncovalent.
C
Eukaryotic cells differ from prokaryotic cells in that (LO7)
A) only eukaryotic cells have a nucleus.
B) only eukaryotes are found on Earth
C) only eukaryotic cells contain genetic material.
D) only eukaryotic cells are considered to be alive
A
Which of the following has the lowest OH- concentration (or highest hydrogen ion concentration)? (LO2)
A) coffee
B) baking soda
C) battery acid
D) pure water
C
Proteins are polymers of (LO6)
A) nucleotides.
B) sugars.
C) fatty acids.
D) amino acids.
D
A solution with a pH of 2 has an H+ ion concentration that is ________ than a solution with a pH of 4. (LO2)
A) 100 times higher
B) 1000 times lower
C) 10 times lower
D) 2 times higher
A
Nutrients are substances in food and drink that provide ___________. (LO1)
A) water
B) structural materials or energy
C) energy only
D) structural materials only
B
Which of the following is an example of a food that is rich in complex carbohydrates? (LO3)
A) table sugar
B) pasta
C) margarine
D) cheese
B
Table salt provides the body with necessary sodium and chloride. However, too much salt could result in (LO4)
A) bone damage.
B) high blood pressure.
C) kidney stones.
D) muscle cramps.
B
Scurvy is a disease that is caused by a deficiency of what vitamin? (Hint, it is water soluble and cannot be made by the body) (LO4)
A) vitamin A
B) vitamin B6
C) vitamin C
D) vitamin E
C
Table sugar (sucrose) belongs to which category of nutrients? (LO3)
A) proteins
B) carbohydrates
C) minerals
D) fats
B
Why is fiber an important part of a healthful human diet? (LO3)
A) It is easily digested into monosaccharides, which are used for energy.
B) It increases the amount of HDL and LDL cholesterol in the body.
C) It contains more energy, gram for gram, than any other nutrient.
D) It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers.
D
Which of these foods is rich in antioxidants? (LO4)
A) corn syrup
B) sugar
C) processed foods
D) tomatoes
D
Which macronutrient is the major source of immediate energy for cell processes? (LO3)
A) fats
B) carbohydrates
C) proteins
D) water
B
Carbohydrates are an excellent source of energy for the body. If a candy bar and a pear contain an equal number of calories from carbohydrates, which is a healthier food and why? (LO3)
A) The pear is healthier because it contains more vitamins, minerals, and fiber.
B) The pear is healthier because it contains fewer chemical bonds that need to be broken in the digestive tract.
C) The candy bar is healthier because it contains simple sugars, which are easier for the body to get energy from.
D) Neither the candy bar nor the pear is better because they both contain the same number of calories.
A
Sunlight is required for the synthesis of (LO4)
A) cholesterol.
B) vitamin K.
C) vitamin D.
D) amino acids.
C
In general, the net movement of small, uncharged atoms and molecules through the membrane of a cell will occur until (LO6)
A) the cell shrinks to the point that it can’t function properly.
B) all those atoms or molecules are on the same side of the membrane.
C) the concentration of a solute is equal on both sides of the membrane.
D) the cell grows so large that it can’t hold any more material.
C
Trans-fatty acids, which are common in fast food, are a concern to nutritionists because they (LO3)
A) outcompete the enzymes needed for normal bodily functions.
B) decrease the availability of iron to bodily cells.
C) cannot be digested by the human body.
D) increase the incidence of clogged arteries.
D
Which food is most likely to contain all essential amino acids? (LO3)
A) rice
B) corn
C) carrots
D) beef
D
